Environmental Issues

Recent findings indicate that global ecological course of action regime has proficiently become a dynamic force in the appraisal of global relations. However, the study of transnational governance impact functions as a central domain of modern review in transnational relations. Much of this analysis stems in the ecological domain. In the formative stage, central exertions put more emphasis on the circumstances that gave rise to global regimes. The subsequent phase of study, interest was altered towards regime execution as well as compliance. In a wider sense, regime effectiveness is associated to the prose on public guiding principle analysis. Project assessment routinely shapes part of the specification public policy sequence this is well-designed to domestic as well as proportional supporting disciplines. However, concerns regarding the connection flanking commerce and the environment have generated a budding heat about the configuration of international ecological administration. In particular instances, this debate has broadened to encompass a collective (Gehring, Thomas 1994379-406) discourse circumventing probabilities for enhancing what has recently been dubbed as MEAs or (Multinational Ecological Accords). Such an escalation is rather welcome, undeniably overdue. The word of transnational ecological accords underpins a toweringly composite, even perplexing representation. In this project state regime proficiency has been summarized, while diverse study lines of attack opted.

Major Central Input
    Our reliance factor is the dimension by which conclusions from systematic reconsideration are exploited or approved as foundation s for policy pronouncements. The level of adoption is however envisioned with respect to cumulative scale with three echelons. To begin with decision-makers recognise the relevance of information produced through methodical study and examine the systematic community of knowledge. Subsequently, valid as well as concrete resolutions are accepted through a collective accord within the society of proficient scientist. During the third phase positive retorts from decision makers is aired with overt advice from scientists. In conceptualising the function of science in global ecological regimes, the discipline could be examined as the purveyor of admonition serving as drivers for defensive measures. This impression has considerable merit, although under normal circumstances, research outlines that this scientific proof can also exhibit opposite impacts. When considering the LRTAP regime, a superlative comprehension of NOx anomaly had a sobering brunt on some of the preliminary peddlers. Consequently, the IWC and the enhanced information concerning whale stock population realised a couple of years ago, seem to be opposed to the empty cessation on mercantile whaling. These illustrations remind us that superlative information regarding the ecology will not necessarily serve to underpin the seemingly far-reaching requirements for dogmatic interference.

Replicas
    The sovereignty of the pertinent methodical community or lattice as well as its undertaking in a perpetual discourse with policy-makers in this case elevated independence is imperative in the sense that it initiates and preserves assurance among scientists as unbiased connoisseurs and also, a relative to lofty level in discourse would be imperative in getting findings as well as wrapping ups transversely to decision-makers. 

    As to the relation between state of knowledge and problem malignancy on the one hand and institutional autonomy and involvement (Haas, Peter 1989377-403) on the other, the immediate impression is that these correlations are in most cases weak. This can be seen as fortunate in substantive sense as strong correlations would have indicated that the leeway for using institutional design as a tool in environmental policy-making would be limited. An interpretation of the general pattern could be summarised in four main points

    Anomaly melanoma is negatively related with the autonomy of systematic panels in charge, as political melanoma enhances the autonomy of the relevant scientific lattice or body happens to diminish. The implicit here is that political antagonism happens to prompt policy makers in propping-up tight measures. This is so owing to the fact that the closer the systematic body realises the significance of the main political subject, the less significant organizational sovereignty it happens to have. This can be cited with reference to rLRTAP case of maritime pollution as well as climatic transformation.

    Melanoma is prospectively related with engagement, implying that political antagonism might enhance the claim for inputs from review- which might prop-up one class of interests against another or simply reconcile rival claims.

    The superior the condition of information, the stronger the requirement for contribution from science is probable to be, and the more oriented policy makers might be to evolve connections to relevant society with a view of tapping the information, although as reported for there are exemptions. 

    States of familiarity as well as independence of the methodical structures or panels engaged are prospectively linked. This is to say, independence has the higher affinity to enhance elevated study and that the scientific societies with elevated confidence in their own expertise might be more self-assured as for the ozone scenario, and as such more successful in persuading pronouncements regarding the course of action not to impede in ways that could otherwise upset the well functioning enterprise. Haas, Peter (1989377-403).

The central Objectives of the Ecological Regimes
    The main objective of the trans-national ecological regimes is to secure or enhance the natural ecology. This objective is translated through composite institutional procedures into functional demands, lawful provisions as well as the evolution of certain specifications for human actions, for instance, the giving off specifications or merchandise specifications.

    However, there exists no assurance that respect of these specifications will actually realize the anticipated ecological objectives. This mirrors both methodical ambiguity and political curbs of accomplishment. Undeniably, in particular (Helm, Carsten and Detlef F. Sprinz 2000630-652) regimes specifications have been incorporated that are inadequate to realize the anticipated upshot this is witnessed during the initial phases of regime formation. Ecological control that leads to ecological analysis is necessary to ascertain that political conciliations do not bring about ecological positions that are anomalous with the objectives of the state as well as the regime and additionally they depict monumental hazards to human as well as flora and fauna.

Technology Transfer
    Technology plays a monumental function in ecological control, with deference to contamination technology developed conditions that so overstated the human effect on the ecology as to develop the idea of contamination. The response to this anomaly has been to seek for options, thus, incorporating scientific innovations that are less polluting. 

Regimes
    The GEF or (global ecological facility) has appeared as the superlative monetary conduit for global ecological regimes. The attention on the GEF might have ended up hampering other alternatives for enhancing the monetary aspect of conformity with global ecological commands. In many occurrences, such specifications demand elementary outlays that might engross prospective expenses even when they are economically sound. Navigating technologies to curtail these outlay expenses might appear enviable, thus the provision of dedicated incentives for particular investments. This would otherwise perk up the fiscal return on such outlays minus subvention, hence offering superior security.

    The CLRTAP and well as the GLWQA demonstrate what could be viewed as the most elementary global efforts at ecological analysis in the framework of a long-lasting system. They both depend on pro-active engagement of civic governance at all echelons in fashioning the fundamental ecological know-how that is required to leads the regime. (Hasenclever, Andreas et al. 1996177-228)

A lot of us have been guilty of disposing our own personal trash and waste haphazardly. We throw candy wrappers on the street, mix recyclable and biodegradable garbage and generally are careless and not knowledgeable enough of efficient and ergonomic waste disposal schemes. While we think to ourselves that the trash we have is too little to make a difference in the total amount of garbage that is produced every day, we are actually contributing to what can harm environmental and even human health in several years or so.

    It is important to take the fact that the earth has finite resources and will eventually lose the ability to endure because of all the waste we are piling on it. When this happens, the earth will not be able to maintain and provide for the needs of the future generations. Sustainability is defined as the earths ability to endure and support human life. It naturally requires a reconciliation of environmental, social and economic demands. In effect, if we continue to ignore the earths quiet call for us to start contributing to the restoration of resources, or at the very least, alleviate the environmental degradation, humanity itself will not be able survive in the succeeding years.

    The environmental aspect of sustainability might be the most important of the three pillars. It is the most easily affected, even with simple means, and in turn affects the other aspects. Economic demands have a more obvious effect on todays circumstances its problems and needs are easier to detect and be attended to, but it is heavily affected by the supply of resources found in nature, so it is best to start caring for the environment in order to have balance. Many people have helped pioneer several movements to support the improvement of proper waste management and its effects on humanity.

    Joel Makower for example, who is known as the guru of green business practices, is a strategist to help corporations curb infamous environmental practices with sustainable products and services. He has helped companies such as Hewlett Packard, Levi Strauss, Nike, Procter  Gamble and Gap be more aware of how they can contribute to the sustainability of the environment. These big companies will have made a huge difference in producing less of unusable waste with efficient measures. Another environmentalist-entrepreneur is Paul Hawken, who also provides consultation for governments and corporations on industrial ecology and environmental policy. He has also published books to make information about sustainability available to the public. Simon Dressner is another figure to be noted for his work on providing research projects on social responses to ecological tax reform policies, and he is also currently working on ways to make environmental taxes be taken more seriously. Aldo Leopold has a foundation to his name and is considered as the father of wildlife management and he and his family conducted their own ecological restoration of experiment by planting thousands of pine trees and restoring prairies in a worn out farm as they documented the change in flora and fauna in the following months. The foundation strives to further improve the state of the worn-out farm the Leopold family has performed their revolutionary experiment. There is also Rachel Carson, a marine biologist whose work and writings (especially on the dangers of synthetic pesticides) helped advance the global environment movement through the creation of the EPA or Environmental Protection Agency.    

    In short, there have many people and many efforts to help sustain the environment. While we may not be available to actively participate in these various movements, we can always just help in our own little way by disposing of our garbage properly. Our protection of the environment simply by waste management will be beneficial to economies too, because there will be more organic materials to use for products, and this will be better for humanity.

Personal waste services, like the WSI, are available to help us management services that are both efficient, cost-effective and ultimately help the environment. They require some personal information that will be of use while making a custom-made program for every specific individual that will fit ones waste management needs.

However, if we cannot avail of these services too, we can always do similar methods in order to contribute to the sustainability of our planet. Simple ways of segregating trash, utilizing reusable containers, and generally being conscious of the products and activities we use and do can do our planet a lot of good and will be of use to us in the long run. We cannot simply rely on individuals to work on the sustainability of the environment. With our own little ways we will be able to make a difference.

Why countries of the North and South disagree over international environmental politics and priorities

Over time, various world leaders and global bodies have been on the fore front in addressing the differences emerging from the north (developed countries) and the southern (developing) territories. However, it has remained adamant that these pleas has been falling on deaf ears since matters emerging from the south remain out of the agenda globally (environmental issues). The north and the south still remain in argument over issues like climate change and global warming. These problems are born from the integration of power leaning on the northern side and the under development of science in the south. Efforts of the south to address various issues in environmental meetings have met severe critics from their northern counterparts (Gutman 390). The lack of insufficient data has been a major setback for the developing countries in implementing a strong foundation for participating in decision making globally. For example the issue of methane in India and the environmental protection agency in the United States was not addressed accordingly. The EPA ruled against India because the capacity of its data was not sufficient to support its motion (Kandlikar  Sagar, 124).The following are some of the major arguments brought forward by the northern countries in their reluctant move for not addressing environmental situations

In accounting for important global needs, only matters present in all parts (north and south) will be assessed. This matter suppresses the south because it depends on these unique features for economic growth. These features include the tropical rainforests found in the south which continue to be worn out by dangerous emissions in form of gas from big industries in the north.

Difference in opinions on the various assumptions made. For example the impact of toxic substances produced by countries in the north is different between a healthy individual in a developed country and a nourished individual in a less developed country. Like in the case of sanitary and phytosanitary agreement the WTO ruled on assumption that all member countries were on support of the SOS agreement. Some countries lacked concrete evidence to oppose the proposed motion and entered in to the agreement blindly (Gutman 296).

Less or no contributions by the southern countries in global decision making. This has raised eyebrows in cases of biased decisions. The south claim that the north pass laws which rules on their favor. Kandlikar and Sagar in their report they indicated that

The lack of national scientific capacity weakens the position of developing countries in multilateral negotiations and their participation in the conventions. Not only do developing countries lack scientific input from their own researchers, but they also experience difficulty in coping with the masses of scientific and economic documents coming from the north (126).

Measures that actors involved in environmental treaty negotiations have undertaken to improve the North-South relations in international environmental politics

The United Nations economic and social council The United Nations is consistently putting efforts to try and curb big environmental problems affecting the developing countries. A kitty of 3.1 billion was has been put in place by the united nations development project, the united nations environmental project and the world bank in order to administer its environment programs effectively. The UN council is actively educating the developing countries on the need to invest in research to increase knowledge.

The European organization for the exploitation of meteorological satellites The major activity of Eumestat is recording, monitoring and measuring climatical conditions from the space. This is accomplished through the installation of satellite systems on the space which provide very clear and quality information to member countries. The reports from Eumestat are very effective and provide accurate information for member states to take relevance action towards the situation.

The main weaknesses to these measures are two. First the programs enacted by the UN encourage laziness in developing countries. These countries leave all the work for UN and even do not allocate funds to show interest in these.

The problem with Eumestat is that it is very costly for developing countries to erect these programs and sustain. The technology used is not available in developing countries and the service is only provided to member states.

The form of action to improve the north and south relationship
In order to achieve a permanent solution to this problem, the following four strategies need to be put in place by both parties

Improving the methods of data collection in the south- This will guarantee information is tabling their arguments against their northern counterparts.

Improving scientific knowledge and application skills in the south- This will form a solid foundation for baseline data to be used as back up in arguments in requiring evidence.

Encouraging the northern researchers to work in collaboration with the southern researchers- This will lead to sharing of knowledge and hence increase the level of knowledge in the south.
Increase the number of researchers and resources in the south- This will promote innovation in generating new scientific approaches towards matters relating to environmental research.

Chinas development and international environmental politics
Being a member of the g8, china is perceived to be a developed state. Recently china was recorded as the number one producer of the toxic carbon dioxide past the United States However china has put several measures in coming together with the world in rescuing the environment. In the current release of chinas eleventh five year plan, the chairman for the national development and reform commission Mr. Zang ping sated that

The Nation of China has implemented its National Climate Change Program, taking a series of strong policies, measures and actions and making unremitting efforts and commendable contribution to addressing climate change. China will continue such policies, measures and actions. In the face of international financial crisis, China remains determined to take unrelenting efforts to address climate change. As a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, China is always committed to have the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol implemented.

It is evident that humanity always experiences an array of lasting political and social problems that are evidently described in a famous monologue by Carl Sagan in his book Pale Blue Dot.  Being one of the greatest contemporary astronomers and astrochemists, Carl Sagan was clearly aware that there are more fundamental dilemmas and challenges of tremendous magnitute our civilization has to face.  One of these dilemmas is climate change, a global problem with serious implications for human existance.  Human consumption of fossil fuels has produced concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that trap heat on earth, creating a gradual increase in average temperatures around the globe (IPCC, 2007).  Scientists predict that these warming temperatures will create both mild and severe changes in longstanding climate patterns that for millennia have driven human settlement, agriculture, and lifestyles (IPCC, 2007).

Climate change accompanied with higher temperatures will increase the rate of melting in the polar ice caps, which will result in rise of sea levels and gradually low-lying coastal territories like India, Bangladesh and many other will be in danger of permanent flooding.  The consequences of climate change range from millions of people appearing under threat of displacement and subsequent mass migration to humanitarian crises because of immense pressure put on agricultural production and food security.  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) emphasized the importance of this of problem, indicating that climate change interacts at all scales, as well as with other global environmental and human forces, generating new and sometimes compounding impacts that have enormous and pervasive human consequences.  This particular paper aims to discuss and critically analyze the central aspects of the problematics of climate change, greenhouse effect, and global warming as well as their particular influence on agriculture.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In scientific literature, global climate change refers to continuing changes in global climate over long time, whether due to natural variability or human activity (IPCC, 2007).  The most recent report from IPCC unequivocally stated that global warming is occurring, human actions are behind the 0.8C rise in global average temperature since the industrial revolution, and if mitigation steps are not taken immediately there will be significant consequences for much of the world (IPCC, 2007).  Anticipating a doubling of preindustrial greenhouse effect, most climate models show mean global temperatures rising by 2-5 degrees Celsius from 2030-2060 (Stern, 2007, p.2).

Greenhouse effect is a complex natural process.  The sunlight that arrives to earth is reflected back in to the space, but the rest reaches the surface, warming the land, atmosphere and oceans (Lecture Notes, 2009).  The earth re-emits this energy in the form of infrared radiation (Lecture Notes, 2009).  However, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, etc trap this radiation and prevent its escape, thus causing increases in temperature (IPCC, 2007).  Literature indicates that carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for over 70 of the greenhouse effect (Hansen et al., 2008).  The result of the greenhouse effect is a warming of the earth surface.  Without these greenhouse gases its surface would be up to 30 degrees C cooler (Stern, 2007).  Human contribute to greenhouse gas concentrations and thus global warming through manufacturing, power generation, transportation, and livestock farming (IPCC, 2007).  The burning of coal, oil and natural gas is the key human factor in increasing greenhouse emissions because these fossil fuels used at a much faster rate than they were created (Stern, 2007).  The effects from global warming will vary sharply based on locality.  According to scientific opinion, those in the weakest economic andor developmental position are often the most vulnerable and thus the most susceptible to climate-related damages (Stern, 2007, p.vii).  Climate change leads to multiple biophysical changes from sea level increase and deglaciation to biodiversity loss and species extinction.  From the global perspective, climate change alters main agricultural patterns and impacts the ability of people to produce food.

ANALYSIS
In contemporary context, there is a growing concent in scientific literature and research on the potential biosocial changes climate change brings to global agriculture and food supply.  For instance, Rosenzweig et al (1993) explains that the effects of climate on agriculture in individual countries cannot be considered in isolation, because international agricultural trade provides constant flow of national food supplies to major importing nations and substantial income for major exporting nations.  Indeed, the world has performed well in terms of increasing food security, with food production outpacing population growth due to crop improvement, alteration of agricultural practices and development of infrastructures (Gillard, 2002).  However, Rosenzweig et al (1993) still express concern indicating close relationship between agriculture and climate, emphasizing the need to consider the impacts of climate change in a global context.  Simultaneously, other researchers like Hulme et al (1999) assessing climate change in terms of continuous changes in temperature and precipitation consider it as an additional factor that will have significant impact on agricultural productivity.  While one group of researchers (Rosenzweig et al, 1993) believes that impact of climate change on world food security as the reduced production in some areas are offset by increases in others, others (Matthews et al, 1995) hold that climate change will lead to a significant reduction in agricultural food productivity in developing countries.  For instance, according to one scenario, 34 countries are likely to suffer declines in crop production due to climate change (Lecture Notes, 2009).
In case the numbers displayed by Stern (2007) and IPCC (2007) are correct, climate change will affect crop yield via various changes, from temperature and soil moisture to precipitation and change in length of growing season.  Due to this the number of studies that predict and analyze the impact of climate change on agriculture across the different territories of the world has continued to increase since the early 1990s.  A major study by Matthews et al. (1997) on climate change and rice has estimated the potential impacts of equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios in many countries of Asia. This study found that rice production in the Asian region is estimated to decline by 3.8 percent in this century with substantial variations across the region.  Decline in yield has been predicted for Thailand, Bangladesh, southern China, and western India, while an increase is predicted
for Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan and parts of India and China.  This perspective is reinforced by global climate models that are disaggregated to examine the effects of global warming
in smaller regions (Saseendran et al., 2000).  From the critical perspective, impact of climate change on crop yields depend largely on technology and its improvements and innovations and farmers ability to adapt and respond to changing environmental conditions.  Therefore, it is still difficult to identify definite casuality between climate change and global agricultural development and world food security.  However, the majority of scientific evidence available points towards negative influence of continuous climate change on global agricultural sector.

In terms of its lasting consequences global climate change constitutes one of the most fundamental dilemmas for humanity.  This paper identified the main problems and critical moments associated with the problem of climate change and greenhouse effect and their continuous and potential impact on global agriculture and food security.  According to the majority of scientists, though this issue is still an ongoing scientific debate, greenhouse gas emissions are the main contributor to subsequent climate change.  To avoid this, emissions need to be considerably reduced in the short term in order to stabilize climate patterns and preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted (Hansen et al., 2008, p. 228). From the critical perspective, unfortunately there are still no universal international or sub-national policies, which would be effective in combatting greenhouse gas emissions. Largely referring to ineffectiveness of Kyoto Protocol, IPCC in one of its latest statements indicated that reducing emissions requires a portfolio of policies tailored to fit specific national circumstances (IPCC, 2007).

In my capacity as an environmental Health and Safety Professional, I support the well being of both human beings and the environment. This therefore encourages me to come up with the best strategy to deal with an emergency while curbing health risks that might be involved and bring about damage and havoc to ecosystems.

According to Meyer (2004) water reactive substances are hazardous materials that react with water leading to products that are spontaneously flammable and upon ignition, secondary fires may occur making it hard to put out the primary fire. Some materials also react with water leading to corrosive or toxic products that put in danger the general public and emergency responders through exposure.
At the accident scene, a wet placard with a class 8 code means that the substance being transported is pyrophoric hence very violent when it reacts with water or humidity and can therefore result into a state of self ignition without any source of ignition. However, to prevent air contact the substances are handled using an appropriate non-aqueous liquid.

In the event of winds blowing across the accident scene, stopping spraying of the fields of the large irrigation unit that is directly next to the accident scene should be undertaken as a first course of action. The reason of doing this is that incase of a leakage of  the material in question it will prevent problems that can arise, should it react with the spray or saturate the air around the scene with vapor leading to an explosion or even fire. The dry atmosphere due the sunny spell means there is less danger though.

As a second step I will see to it that I have warned the residents around the area to be as careful as possible by simply not moving close to the accident scene since this might expose them to health risks. As simple, a warning it might sound, it is very important. People who are in town should also be made aware to keep a safe distance and not move close to the accident scene and keep off from that direction since the winds blowing towards town could carry toxic vapor that will definitely pose health risks to those located within a half to ten kilometers.

To this point I will call my hazardous material emergency team to come and take care of the situation. The team is expected to take a few minutes since the accident scene is only 15 miles away.
Meanwhile I will commence working on the NFPA hazard diamond as I wait for the team. This will definitely assist in indicating the water reactivity degree of the substance and W line will help caution firefighters from use of water incase of fire fighting. AO at 12 oclock will not be included as this will mean the substance does not react with water which is false as the truck is placarded with dangerous When Wet label of class 8.

The restrains to be exercised include avoiding use of water while at the accident scene. The general public should also be kept away from the scene to avoid exposure to the toxins that might have been formed after the substances reaction with vapor in the atmosphere.

A piece of advice to any person or driver will be to keep a safe distance of about 10 kilometers away from the scene to avoid resultant health risks. I will also ask the next responders who come to the scene to be very careful and also accord exceptional attention to the water-reactive substances while handling the emergency.

The chemical might be a special non-aqueous liquid that is used to handle pyrophoric substances to avoid water conduct.

Dear, Mr. Tee
Good day,

I am aware that you have just been assigned to complete a report and research on Waste Gasification as probable solution to the worsening case of garbage disposal here in our area. I am also aware that due to time constraints it shall be very hard for you to do extensive research on the topic anymore. Considering this, I thought I have to explain to you the specific steps and key points in preparing this paper in order to make it less complicated for to complete this report.

Firstly I would like to provide you with some basics on waste gasification. Waste gasification is a process which has been innovated as an answer to the growing waste disposal predicament of the world. It basically involves heating waste products that will emit and produce chemicals that are usable in producing some form of energy. Basically, these are the fundamentals you have to understand about waste gasification. Let us now proceed with your organization and writing.
This paper that you are about to work on is a technical report. When we say technical report, it means that it is of a higher level than that of a layman or an average persons writing. This is because it involves some technical terms and ideals that have to be explicated and expounded upon in order for average readers to easily comprehend them. So considering this, you have to anticipate a higher level of writing compared to what how we use to write back in college.

You have to understand first what this technical report is for. In order to address the goals of this paper work straight, you have to know that this is directed towards informing the people what waste gasification is all about. Since we are working on finding a new suitable waste management plan, this paper has to be kind of persuading in some sense. This is because we have to make people believe in the objectives and functions of this project. So at this point, you have to think of clear objectives in order for your article to have some sense of direction.

Now, let us get to the main writing act. Firstly, you have to furnish an organized outline. This outline will aid in creating a logical sequence of thoughts and information. This shall also serve as the backbone of your paper as well as your guide for you to not veer towards other direction in the course of writing your paper. In the outline, set your main subject or thesis. Is waste gasification helpful Has it been proven by other waste management projects These are some of the possible focuses you can choose from. In the introduction, you have create a strong impression immediately. This will encourage readers to continue reading your report. Mention some things about the current waste management dilemmas of this community and how the officials are working on several waste management projects in order to address this dilemma. And after this, you can easily segue to waste gasification as one of the proposed plans.  At this point, you have to build up the impression that the succeeding parts of the discussion will be very significant to the readers as they are the stakeholders in this situation. With this, you have to specifically cite how significant this discussion is for the solution of the waste management dilemma of the community. Once you have already introduced this idea, stick to it and avoid veering toward other irrelevant information.

The next thing you have to do is provide the basic details and information about waste gasification. As you start, it may be very helpful to first identify and explicate the basic terms. What is waste And what is gasification How did this waste management process came to be, and how does this work What are the major elements and processes involved and what are the bi-products In this part, you should also specify the elemental equipment of materials to be used in this process, and how applicable and available these are in our community. Next, you have to mention the important considerations that officials have to take about this plan. Are there safety precautions that have to be implemented Are there significant preparatory stages that have to completed first before this plan has to be put to action In doing this, you are not just addressing the stakeholders, but also the local government officials on important considerations that need appropriate time and attention before setting such plan into action. When you come at the concluding part of this paper, you have to restate hos significant this is for the people. Also, restate the main idea or objective of this paper in order to make such an idea last in your readers awareness.

Aside from these things, you have to make sure that your writing passes a certain level of standard that goes beyond an undergraduate level of writing. Keep in mind that you are not addressing college students here, but government officials and concerned stake holders in the community. Moreover, you can to make sure that your writing is comprehensible despite its technical nature. It can be easily assumes that not all people in the community have already heard about what waste gasification is, so you better be careful in clearly defining every technical term you encounter.

Basically, these are the steps in writing a technical report like this. Take not of these steps and you shall be properly guided throughout the entire writing process.

With the world gearing towards development of clean energy, strategies have been laid to develop clean energy in the world.  UK is among the countries which have laid down a strategic framework aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy to its overall energy output. Currently the UK is implementing a number of renewable energy projects including photovoltaic cell, offshore winds, tidal and wave energy, and bio-energy.  However, the UK government needs to do more to mitigate the high cost of putting renewable energy projects to encourage home and business projects.

Introduction
Renewable energy is energy which is not depleted with use.  It has many advantages over other sources of energy since it is friendly to the environment and there is no fear of energy depletion in the future.  It is a sustainable source of energy and does not lead to adverse environmental effect compared to non-renewable sources of energy. The UK is one of the countries in the world which have implemented a number of projects which are aimed at supplying the country with renewable energy.  United Kingdom has long relied on the non-renewable sources of energy which has created a lot of fear on the ability of the country to sustain its energy needs in the future.  Working under the framework proposed by the European Union, United Kingdom has implemented several renewable energy programs not only as a way of diversifying its energy sources but also to curb the growing problem of environmental pollution.  The European Union has set a target of reducing global emission by at least forty five percent as one of its strategies to fight the growing problem of environmental pollution.  This paper will look at the various clean energy initiatives that have been implemented in the UK, but first, it is important to understand in details what it is and why is renewable energy so needed.

What is renewable energy and why is it being implemented
In our everyday life, humans use energy in different ways. Energy has become an indispensable commodity in our daily life.  However the current sources of energy, which are basically based on crude oil, have met our needs but on the other hand polluted our environment (United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007). Global warming, which is caused by emission of green house gases in the environment has become a major challenge in the 21st century world.  This has been the main driving force behind the increase search for cleaner sources of energy which will provide the world with clean energy and at the same time save our environment. As a member of the European Union, UK has been implementing directives which have been aimed at providing at least fifteen percent of its primary energy from renewable sources by 2020. This directive has been put in place to support other EU measures especially on reduction of green house gases emission. Apart from implementing the EU directive, the country is also looking into the possibility of providing her population with energy security in the future (McCarthy, 2009).    The memories of the 1970s energy crisis are still fresh in peoples mind and considering the current state of fossil fuel market which is controlled by OPEC cartel it is paramount for any country to be self-sufficient in energy.
 In order to understand the renewable energy sources that are already being implemented in the country, it would be important to look into the various projects that are currently going on in the country. It is also important to understand that there are other projects which have been facing serious implementation issues and hence they are yet to commence. The following are the main renewable energy projects that are currently being implemented in the UK

Photo Voltaic
Photovoltaic energy mainly involves the use of cells to produce electricity.  The process so of electricity production through this method involves conversion of radiation which is produced by the sun to active direct current which can produce electrical energy.   Photovoltaic energy is still under research to make it less expensive but proponents show that it has potential to produce a lot energy which can be used in homes and industries. In the UK, it has not been effectively explored despite its potential.  It is expensive to set up and most investors may fear the high initial costs.   It is estimated that the average cost of installation of solar electric panels ranges from 8,000 to 14,000 depending on the size of the solar panel (Energy saving trust UK, 2009). Therefore, there is need for the government to intervene in order to reduce the overall cost and provide the raw materials to produce cells. These efforts will mitigate the initial cost which has been a major limitation to its development.  In the UK, the Energy saving trust has been in the forefront, especially in Scotland, to promote the use of photovoltaic cell energy (Energy saving trust UK, 2009).

Offshore wind
Offshore wind is among the most recent forms of energy which have been developed in the world.  This source of energy is powered by offshore winds which have a lot of potential to drive turbines producing electrical energy.  In the UK, there are currently a number of offshore wind farms.   In 2005, UK commissioned more than four offshore wind farms with the government intervening to provide support levels of 1.5 ROCs per MWh under the Renewable Obligation (RO). Although offshore wind energy has been a successful source of energy in the UK, there is need for government intervention in order to mitigate some of the factors like cost, turbine designs, deep sea operations, and others which have inhibited the successful implementation of these projects.  Offshore wind farms are likely to be major sources of energy for the UK in the future.  Currently, there are several offshore wind firms which are being implemented in the UK including (BWEA, 2009)
Barrow  located in Walney Island North East region. It has 30 turbines and produces 90 MW
Beatrice  Located in Beatrice oilfield, Moray Firth in Scotland. It has 2 wind turbines and makes10MW

Kentish Flats  Located 8.5 Km offshore of Whitstable in the South East region. It has 30 wind turbines and produces 90 MW

In total, there are 9 offshore wind farms which are currently in operation with a total of 228 wind turbines and product a total of 688.2 MW (BWEA, 2009). Many more have been approved and are under construction.

Wave Energy and Tidal energy
Wave energy has been cited as one of the viable sources of renewable energy in UK but it has not been implemented in the correct magnitude.  Britain has 11,072 miles of coastline with tidal range that can be as higher as 50 feet, considered the second highest in the world. There are steps which are being taken to increase its overall contribution to the national energy grid. These include the 2 ROCs per MWh by the government (National Energy Foundation 2009). However, the government needs to do more in order to increase the overall amount of energy harvested from this source.  This source of energy is preferred as it emits least carbon dioxide and is more sustainable.  In the UK, there is Pelamis Wave powers P1A which have been used to establish a 3MW Pelamios based wave farm in Orkney (The renewable energy centre, 2009). There are other sites in Humber, Dee, Severn, and Solway Estuaries which have been identified as possible future sites. They will require approvement due to their projected environmental impact.

When it comes to tidal energy, there are two kinds of those. These are barrages and tidal streams. There are a number of barrages which have been implemented in the UK. For example, the Seven Estuary is one of the successful projects which have been implemented in the UK (Energy Resources, 2009). However, full implementation is inhibited by lack of proper planning and proper assessment, although this is projected to be a major source of energy in the future with estimates showing that it could generate more than 20 of the total energy needed in Britain (Tidal Energy, 2009).

Bio energy
Bio energy is widely used in different parts of the world. It can be developed from different sources but biomass has been identified as a viable source of bio-energy.  With the current development, it is expected that the government may increase growth of Jatropa plants which are used to provide bio-energy (Nicholson, 2009).  In 2004, more than 105.9 GWh were produced using bio-energy which shows the potentiality of this source of energy to supply future energy needs of the country (National Energy Foundation 2009). The strategy of micro generation mainly targets individual homes and businesses which can generate power to be self-sufficient.  The UK government launched a strategy in 2006 which was aimed at assigning homes and businesses with rights to generate their own power, although the program is faced with funding issues (National Energy Foundation 2009).

Renewable energy defines the future sources of energy. It is preferred because it is friendly to the environment and sustainable in the long term. The UK government has embarked on implementation of various strategies to increase generation of renewable energy in line with EU policy on renewable energy. Currently, there are various renewable projects being implemented in the UK including offshore wind farms, micro-generation, tidal and wave energy, bio-energy and others.