Environmental Issues

Research is an integral part of landscape architecture by providing factual and scientifically-grounded information to support decision-making in various aspects of projects. Landscape architecture integrates land and structure to create and develop living, work and other social space for human use. Projects in landscape architecture are highly context-specific and purpose-driven. Landscape architecture projects work with specific geographic, socio-demographic and psychographic elements. Topography, climate or weather and other components of the natural and physical space require designs that fit the environment. Different natural and physical environments require varying design components and techniques. The elements also determine the goal of the project such as build a housing community, develop a park, or build a company headquarters. Varying environments and purposes demand innovativeness with precision. Information needed to aid decision-making on the designs that fit specific environments and address particular purposes come from research. Data from scientific and systematic research provide information on best practices and guidelines for projects given varying contexts and goals. Research gives landscape architecture projects momentum.  

Research plays a number of key roles in the phases of landscape architecture projects. Before the design phase, two forms of research happen. One is indirect research by reflecting on past knowledge and experience in design, library search of conceptual resources, and consultation of reported empirical cases. The design dynamics of large-scale physical environments, estimation of changes in the physical environment, and valuation of a hotel room with a view comes from academic knowledge and experience. The other is direct investigation by considering the specifications of the project, visiting the site, and analyzing resource needs. Managing motorways to decongest trafficand finding a location for radioactive waste disposalrequire on-site investigation.

During the design phase, research supports the development of design concepts and consideration of concept implementation within the specifications of the site. One design concept integrates the natural with the man-made by placing windows in areas overlooking nature. Employee well-being is enhanced by ensuring proximity of employees to nature, such as by having windows with a natural view, because this makes them feel and think better. Patients also recover better in hospital rooms with windows providing a natural view. Another design concept is noise insulation. Exposure to very loud noises for long periods contributes to stress. Managing space to ensure peace and order is another design idea. Susceptibility to aggressive behavior is higher in neighborhoods far from nature. Managing park space by enhancing visibility deters crime. Order is reinforced by neighborhood designs that foster a sense of community.

After the design phase, research on the process and outcomes supports assessment. Impact of urban landscape design on agriculture can be fully determined by research after the design phase and during or after implementation.

Research has contributed to knowledge and skills for landscape architecture. In the next fifty years, landscape architecture will continue to contribute designs responsive to societys changing and emerging needs by building on research-based knowledge and using research to anticipate future needs and address impending problems. Landscape architecture will be a key contributor in shaping the future with research as its driving force.