Environmental Issues

Can the warming of the 20th century be explained by natural processes

Source CSIRO. (2009). Can the warming of the 20th century be explained by natural processesDepartment of Climate Change Australia.

Often the general public demands explanation of the ever increasing attention climate change has been receiving in the press, media and academia. It is important to explain the context of climatic change and how it is affected by natural factors as well as human factors.

Based on this argument, the author of the article mentions various factors which affect climate change and discusses which factors go beyond natural occurrences in the atmosphere. He divides the factors influence climate into internal and external forcing factors (CSIRO, 2009).

Internal forcing factors are related to the atmospheric and oceanic properties of the Earth (CSIRO, 2009). The oscillations produced by both these factors and often represented in the form of the El NinoLa Nina effects can cause differences in the cooling and warming properties of the Earth. Since wind patterns and global weather is affected by these factors, climate change is also affected by these factors.

External factors are related to the energy that is transmitted to the earth through radiation and external factors. These include mainly factors such as the radioactive energy received from the Sun and volcanic eruptions on land (CSIRO, 2009).  For instance, the effect on climate through a volcanic eruption can be described in the difference of temperature it creates in the stratosphere of the Earth. Due to the dust, the lower part of the atmosphere cools down while the upper part becomes hotter. Similarly, the radioactive solar energy varies based upon its position in the solar system and its corresponding position in line with the Sun. since the level of solar energy received by the Earth varies in cycles which are thousands of years long, the climatic changes that occur are based upon that fact since the solar radiation directly affects the insulation of the planet (CSIRO, 2009).

Using the fact material from modeling programs scientists use to computer climatic change, they have come to a conclusion that the Earth has warmed by 0.74 degree Celsius since the start of the 20th century. Since both internal and external factors were added to the model, even so, greenhouse gases and its forcing nature has outpaced all internal and external factors with their link to determining climate change and affecting it. based on this, they have released data that shows that global warming is most affected by greenhouse gases since the natural processes involved in climate change have only affected short term climatically conditions.

Finally, the article tries to clear the air and answer the question of climatic change and natural processes. Based on evidence provided by the article related to the temperature change in the Earth atmosphere, with the upper stratosphere increasing in temperature where as the lower part decreasing in it, and the increase in hot weather and the decrease in cold weather, scientists have concluded that these are some factors which point a finger mainly towards greenhouse gases, which are manmade (CSIRO, 2009). Evidence related to the warming of the poles, melting glaciers and the change in atmospheric pressure augment their observations and claims (CSIRO, 2009).

If scientists are unable to forecast the next weeks weather accurately, how can they predict the climate in the next 50 to 100 years

Source CSIRO. (2009). If scientists are unable to forecast the next weeks weather accurately, how can they predict the climate in the next 50 to 100 years Department of Climate Change Australia.
The reliability of climatic change occurring in the world today is often questioned by various people under the pretext of the above mentioned argument. To some, it would appear logical and convincing however the article discusses and argues the understandability between the two variables weather and climate (CSIRO, 2009).

The article describes the fundamental difference between weather and climate that most people do not understand. Weather is determined through testing and observing variables such as global atmospheric circulation. At the same time, storm activities and other weather related events are collaborated and based upon that, weather patterns are determined. Climate is observed on a much longer term basis than weather, which is done on a daily basis. Because of this, climate is viewed through variables of temperature changes, precipitation and wind patterns across entire regions. The author of the article mentions the long term nature stretching to months if not millions of years. Thus, the first argument made by the article is that weather is based on chaotic circumstances which can go wrong due to the short run analysis and unpredictability of the atmosphere. However, climate measurements can give an accurate mean of weather in a region because of the length of time dedicated to observing the region.

The author goes on to mention the way climate and weather are measured through models. Principally, the models used are the same. The only difference is the time. Studying the behavior of the Earth through lenses encompassing physical, biological and chemical processes, both climate and weather are computed (CSIRO, 2009). The key difference lies in the fact that when computing weather calculations and predictions, initial factors (which can vary) at the beginning of the term of forecast must be considered. Thus, variances and fluctuations in the model analysis can occur. This is not to say that climatic models are 100 accurate. But because of their long term nature, and the use of generalized properties, they are far more accurate. At the same time, climatic models do not produce just one result. Scientists keep in mind the essence of variability and compute different model results, which are then averaged to produce a consistent result.

Has global warming stopped
Source CSIRO. (2009).Has global warming stoppedDepartment of Climate Change Australia.
Claims made by certain sectors of the public, media and other stakeholders tend to reflect that the process of global warming has ended. However, in reality, scientists have conducted thorough research and have proved that the phenomena is still occurring and rising with time with temperatures rising by 0.74 degree Celsius in the 20th century. They refute the arguments based on the premise that such statements come from those who do not realize that temporary coolings due to the El Nino affect are not reflective of long term changes.

The first argument made by scientists is in respect to the surface air temperatures of the planet. When taking away the effect of El Nino, which does not cover the temperatures of the arctic, it is clear that the global temperature is rising. They also cite that people generally forget the nature of trends. They are long term based and thus the start and end year are fundamentally important when analysis has to be conducted (CSIRO, 2009). Some periods will show decrease in warming where as other periods will show a general increase in the temperatures of the Earth. If long term trends are established, the past decade is noted to be topping the list of time period for temperature increase on the planet.

Second, scientists mention the observations of the Troposphere atmosphere temperatures which are in the lower part of the atmosphere. These temperatures reading reflect almost consistent results to those that were obtained through surface air temperature observations.

Finally, the observation of temperatures near oceanic regions and sea levels reveals another startling picture that global warming is continuing, if not increasing on the planet. Since research has concluded that the warming effect caused by the greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere directly affect the oceans and their temperatures, the importance of oceanic temperature is paramount. Based upon that, researchers have conducted various observations which have proved that the temperature has risen in the oceans and sea levels. This can be further validated by the fact that during the 20th century, sea level increased by 17 centimeters.

Endless human desire is harmful for our planet. While people focus on individual benefits, they ignore everything else on the earth, including the environment we are living. From the sociologists, we learned that human are desire-oriented. We spend so much to trade the most valuable things in our life and our desire encourage us to chase money and make profit from this society. Human is not only trade with other individuals, but they also trade with the nature as well. With the growth over-developed cities and resources digging, we are losing lands for agriculture and natural resources. Instead of consuming the foods and water from the natural earth, we buy organic foods and distill water from profit-making manufactures. Some of scam business people are even produce fake meats or poison foods to customers. When we started to think about the environment protection and human health, it is urgent to make change on our desire. We are making more money, but going far away from the nature. If we dont stop the endless desire, all of us would see the Armageddon.
 Human Desires and the Changes to the Environment

Introduction
The world as we know it is changing. This is caused by human actions and environmental changes, each of which is affecting the other in a significant manner. The relationship between the two entities has to be of peaceful co-existence else one or both of the parties feels the negative impact of the abuse done to it. Mankind has extracted the earths resources for his own end and natures calamities have taken numerous lives and caused devastation to entire cities. It must be realized that both the humans and the environment have a direct impact on each other and we must try to create the best atmosphere to this effect.

The main purpose of this purpose is to identify how the endless human desires have led to the changes in the environment. The paper will discuss the various perspectives and shed light on some facts and figures pertaining to the climate, the resources, human greed and etc. The paper will also discuss the effects of mankinds limitless desires and how when it is left unchecked it can cause harm to everything around it. The main questions which would be analyzed in this paper are who actually controls the resources, what are the scale of the demand and supply of said resources, and which are the most beneficial resources The paper will also answer the questions as to the environmental damages extent caused by the development of our culture and would also shed light on the human food sources, as to how they organically are and how are they adulterated After analyzing these problems and discussing extensively about them, we will actually find out that this paper answers the present day situation of our environment and how mankind, in his endless greed, has corrupted it.

Background of Current Environmental Challenges
There are numerous environmental challenges being observed today, least of which is not the population growth rate. The population growth rate of the world is 1.14 as of 2009 (World Bank - World Development Indicators, 2010). Given this appears as a small percentage, but when taken in the whole picture, it becomes alarming. The current population of the world is 6.5 billion people which is expected to double by 2067, given the current growth rate (Rosenburg, 2009). This increase of people has led to a fear of food shortage as well as of water and utility shortages as well. Feeding such large number of people has become problematic for governments and countries are hiking prices for even the most common commodities on a more regular basis increasing inflation.

Similar concerns lies with the increase in resource consumption. Resources are divided into 2 groups. Renewable and Non-renewable resources Non-renewable resources take millions of years to be created and once they are wholly consumed it is very difficult to bring them back (Petroleum, Gas, Water are examples of non-renewable resources). Renewable resources however are not so concerning since due to their nature they can be replenished and are often good sources for limitless energy generation and similar activities. Consumption of resources is a major concern is worrisome in its own right since it is often unjust as statistics prove that the 20 rich populace consume 76.6 of the resources of the world while the worlds poorest 20 consume simply 1.5 of the worlds resources (Shah, 2008). This inequality adversely affects the distribution of resources and people in the world are often deprived of the most basic resources since they cannot get access to it since it is consumed by others elsewhere.
The Climate has also changed recently with weirder anomalies being observed across the world. The temperatures are fluctuating and increasing number of natural calamities are befalling the world. Over the course of the past 50 years, due to our carbon emissions and greenhouse gases through human activities it has been recorded that the average surface temperature has increased by 0.76oC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2010).

If this goes unchecked, scientists believe that in the worst case scenario the temperature is believed to increase by 6.4oC by the end of this century.

Similarly there are numerous other environmental issues which include improper waste disposal, wastage in resource consumption and increases in the peoples consumption patterns. These all work towards challenging the environment and causing it to develop damaging characteristics.

Current Status of Environmental Protection
In recent years there has been a spike in protectionist activities and there are newer greener and more environmental conscious companies entering the sphere. Following the 70s people began taking an interest into the wasteful and damaging trend of human behavior and the hippy culture of the time proved an extreme reaction to such attitudes. This extreme reaction led to the foundation of the realization of how people had developed behavior patterns which were hurting the earth and recognized the need for people to return back to the basics and try to conduct themselves in a manner more befitting the protection of the planet and its resources.

Even though this was a radical movement and seemed excessive to most people, the thought was rightly directed. It led to the birth of organizations such as Greenpeace and similar themed organizations, which all fought for the protection of the environment and saving of the planets resources (Tree Web Writers).

Besides the active participation of private organizations and non-profit organizations, governments have also begun rewarding initiatives shown towards caring for the environment. Companies which conduct Corporate Social Responsibility activities receive tax exemptions and are allowed to operate more freely and with fewer hindrances. Also, aside from encouraging Environmental activities and making it more appealing to organizations and private parties, government has established its own bodies which act as caretakers and specified organizations meant to provide the governments perspective regarding certain issues. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission are examples of such bodies (Environmental Protection Agency).

So in its entirety, when we look at the global situation, we have NGOs, Private organizations, Public Organizations, Governmental bodies, and Clubs and Societies all aimed at protecting the environment and improving it when possible. The media and news also highlight such activities and promote the need for environmental consciousness and people are well aware of their actions and their consequences for the planet.

Relationship between Economy and Resources
A countrys economy is highly dependent on the resources that it has access too. So the strengths of a country rely on its strategic location, its human capital, its resources and its relations with other countries. So since the resources play such a vital role in the promotion and manifesto for a country, the government strives to maximize its resources and tries to extract the most benefit from it as they can in maintaining their power and standing in the global community.

The economy and resources have a positive relationship. As the economy increases and grows, the resources extraction and utilization also increases and grows showing the proportional effect on each other.

Many economists have created their evaluations based on how the resources and economy effect each other and there are differing views regarding the matter. Some economists believe that during times of poor economy, the extraction utilization of the resources increases and countries try to survive by extracting benefits from the resources which are available to them. Then during times of high economy, alternative means are discovered and a country saves its own resources for itself while outsourcing or purchasing resources from other countries to meet its needs. This goes against the previous theory of positive correlation and during times of great economy low dependence on own resources are observed while during times of bad economy the vice versa is seen (Bebbington  Perreault, Dec 2008).

A careful balance needs to be maintained so that there are no mismanagement and resources are not squandered nor are they under-utilized. Spending too many resources is bad but so is not utilizing your resources as your strength as well. That is why a delicate balance is suggested for which the governments need to identify how much they require for their economy to work fine while the resources are not unnecessarily utilized as well.

Money making and Resources
Who controls the Resources
Technically resources are not one persons property but are meant to be used and shared by all. The resources are meant to be used for the benefit for humanity and to this effect it should be everyones responsibility to look after and be responsible for the resources.

However, it is not so simple. In the actual world, resources are owned by Governments mostly, who set limits and act as watchdogs over the resources. Basing this on the argument that to protect the resources from being squandered by various groups of individuals, a body should exist to look after the resources and protect people from their own greed and overconsumption. Therefore in most countries, the government becomes responsible for the resources and it rations out its use and protects it from being unnecessarily used by others. The African government, for example, protects the wildlife and its geographic specific resources from poachers and other predators so that they are not wasted (Bolton, Feb 2008). Similarly, the U.S. has set various bodies just for the sole purpose of protecting the resources from external threats and abusers.

Often times, organizations are also hired and set up to look after specific resources and try to protect them and to manage them so that they do not disappear entirely or become scarce. Examples of this are power generation plants which create electricity and in most countries are privately held by shareholders and board members (Bonsiewich, Jun 2007). These private held organizations also become the legal owners of a share of the resources.

Scale of Demand and Supply
The question of whether the supply is enough to meet the level of demand is a clear indicator of the absence of constraint on peoples part. The demand for certain resources and their availability are often conflicting. This is often due to the fact that most things in demand are not wholly able to be provided due to limited supply. Most resources have a certain limit and cannot be exceeded no matter what be done. For example the total oil reserves are only so much. But the demand for its is objective as every plant and vehicle and machine requires the maximum consumption. Therefore the demand can never be satisfied by the volumes of commodities on this earth.

Considering the supply side we can see that quantities for most goods are fixed and cannot be exceeded. This influences the need for alternative sources and hence the search for alternative resource options are sought. The discovery of solar power and wind power arose from the realization of the helplessness mankind might face if the reserves of petroleum fell.

The scale of demand and supply is subjective then and the observation that should a certain level be met, all the demand would be satisfied is purely hypothetical as demand of mankind can never be so easily fulfilled.

Most Beneficial Resources
Petroleum is currently the most sought after resource and for that various wars and operations have been conducted in recent years. The U.S. in its search for a permanent fuel source invaded Iraq and Afghanistan and has spent billions of dollars to that effect (Leder  Shapiro, Volume 36, Issue 8). The countries which are in possession of oil fields and petroleum sources are ones which are financial strong and can influence global decisions easily.

Another commodity which is gaining importance globally is fresh water. Many Asian countries and African countries have minimal access to pure water and have to either purchase it from other countries or they must set up expensive processing plants to convert sea water or other water sources into drinkable water. Since water is such a commodity that you cannot live without it, it has become sought after more and more by various governments in the central and eastern part of the world.

One other resource which is growing in its worth is gold. It is a rare metal and was once the mode of currency. However, with the entrance of paper money, the governments discarded gold as a currency form and then it became restricted to jewelry and decorative ornaments. However, in light of recent political situations and the reserves of dollars being held by China, the U.S. government is trying to bring gold back as the primary conversion medium. Since it has the largest gold reserves in the world (World Gold Holdings, 2009) the government is trying to bring gold back as the major currency exchequer.

Endless Human Desires
Development of Culture vs. Environmental Damage
Culture is shifting rapidly worldwide and there is no longer key identifiable cultures as the intermingling of cultures has led to a melting pot of numerous cultures varying slightly based on religions and geographic peculiarities. The development of culture has led to anti-biblical thoughts and the movie 2012 brought out how the cultural differences and environmental damage complemented each other to a certain extent (Smith, 2010).

The cultural values being propagated and beliefs which are commonly held by people today seem to ignore the end of times and feel that no matter what actions they do now, they will have no repercussions in the future. Hence, the blatant disregard for nature and the environment is commonly seen today as people abuse the environment in their own selfish quests. The environmental damage is not taken seriously and when disasters strike, only then people begin taking notice of their surrounding and reflecting on their actions. Even though the 2012 apocalypse is inaccurate (Solare, 2009), it does seem that something of such a level would make people realize to stop and take notice of their worldly actions.

Food Content- Do we know what we are eating
Thanks to the advancement of science and technology, we have revolutionized nearly every aspect of our life. One such field which has seen intense advancements is the agricultural sector. The improvements in fertilizers, insecticides and seeds have led to greater percentage yields per hectare and more appealing products. Unlike organic food which has zero chemical additives and are grown purely from natural sources, fruits and vegetables found in grocery stores have been produced through all manner of chemical additives and processing to make them look more appealing and display certain qualities (seedless watermelons, etc.) (Spevack).

Aside from the fact that our fruits and vegetables are being produced with the help of insecticides and pesticides which are very dangerous on their own (Cropper, 2004), the other junk food and fast food that we intake are also damaging to our internal system and the environment as well. The production of most of the food items involves frying and similar processes which reduce the health factor and make the food a potential risk to our body by increasing our cholesterol or increasing the chances of obesity and in turn heart attacks. The preservatives and additives added to these food items introduce toxins into our systems which may cause lasting damage (Gaby, 2009). Even though flavorings do not cause any lasting damage, the food additives do (Idea Connection).

New Endless Sources to meet our needs
The movie Avatar introduced a foreseeable future where mankind has exhausted its own resources and has had to resort to invading other areas and occupying their resources for their own consumption. This concept is not as alien as we have seen something similar happen in the Iraq War and previous other wars where countries have tried to take over other countries for the sake of occupying their resources. Human beings would rather acquire anothers resources than wisely use his own. The concept of Avatar should give us some fear as to what would be the fate of future generations as they would not have an alternative planet to take over since till date, only Earth has shown signs of life and no planet in our solar system can support human life.

The concept of having an endless source may seem ideal for most people but realistically speaking, even if such a source existed, it would only lead to further abuse of the existing resources and people would still be misusing what they have.

Conclusion
Even though there is a lot of hue and cry for the protection of the environment, realistically speaking, the situation is quite deplorable. Human beings have not skipped any chance to abuse nature and extract any resource that the planet has to offer. The most developed countries are expected to show the most concern, yet studies show that these countries are the worst offenders and contribute to the most pollution and waste to the planet as compared to developing nations which have smaller industries and in margins of scale are not so harmful. Countries such as the United States and China tread over environment protection laws whenever they get the chance and their governments are strong enough to do as they please.

If people do not realize the damage that they are causing this planet, and rather than finding newer sources try to curb their excessive needs and desires and plan for the future, there is a chance that the society would survive for a longer period and mother nature may not react as furiously as she does so now with hurricanes and floods and earthquakes.

The Bald Eagle has its origins from the North American landmass. The bird, often referred to as the American eagle based on its origins, is the only bird to be specifically found in North America alone. It was given the name Halo-Aeetos-Leukos which meant a sea eagle with a white head. At that time, the prevalent culture was that the word bald signified the color white. These distinctive birds have an evident appearance difference from other eagles. Classified as part of the hawk family, Bald Eagles are known to be birds of prey. Adult eagles have the characteristics of an evenly brown coat, with a distinctively white head and tail. Females are generally found to be 25 larger than a male eagle. Their legs seem as if they were designed for hunting. Their toes are equipped with talons, which are used to pierce the hanging body of the prey within the grasp of the feet of the bird. Their beaks are hooked and designed for piercing angles as well.

Bald eagles can often measure lengths up to 28-40 inches. Their wingspan can encompass 2.44 meters in between them however, these factors are largely dependent on size. Bald Eagles in Florida are smaller with lesser wingspans. Similarly, ages can vary with location as well. Generally though, a Bald Eagle can live up till 30 years in wild environments.

Endangerment of the species
The Bald Eagles Habitat is majorly in the State of Alaska, where over 70,000 Bald Eagles can be found. This is further augmented by the region of British Columbia where another 20,000 birds can be found. The area has been a flourishing den for the animals as this habitat provided them with ample food salmon and dead fish.  However, in 1967, a sharp decrease in the number of Bald eagles was noticed. Before the 1973 Endangered Species Act was launched, Bald Eagles had already been declared an endangered species in many states across the southern part of the United States.  Though most States had linked the Bald Eagles to near extinction, some States mentioned them as threatened species.

Researchers have cited different evidence regarding the diminishing population of the Bald eagles. Based on consensus, the major reason for decline of the Bald Eagles has been human population itself. Since humans and Bald Eagles compete for the same form of food, Bald Eagles were out hunted with the technology that man has. The ecosystem became unbalanced as man caught more fish than was needed and over fished in regions necessary for the survival of the Bald Eagles. This trend became even worse when Alaskan fishermen killed over 100,000 thousand Bald Eagles during 1917-1953 based on the idea that they were a threat to their fishing businesses.

When the species was noticed as becoming extinct, laws and legislations helped protect them but that could not save them from the contamination and harassment from human influences. The use of heavy pesticides that were being used on agricultural produced was consumed in one way or the other by Bald Eagles. Their reproduction cycles and rates were drastically effected. The breeding cycles of the Bald Eagles were drastically effected, leading them to decrease breeding eventually due to low fertility and high death rates.

Importance of the Bald Eagle
The Bald eagle is not only an animal but a representation of the American Culture. In 1782, June 20th, the Bald Eagle was chosen to represent America as a national emblem and seal. Though many would feel the picture is flashy and in nature, the truth is that this picture is a symbol for the reality of the American people and the American way of life.

In my opinion, the Bald Eagle is a representation of the American Culture. As the Eagle soars high, with freedom with majestic flight and enormous strength, it symbolizes the mentality of the then Young America and the aspiration of the people at the time. Thus, the bald eagle is more like a heritage to society. The Bald eagle represents the freedom, liberty and strength as personification of the freedom, liberty and strength that the people of America enjoy.

To me, the Bald eagle is part of our national heritage. It reflects the views, perceptions and aspirations of our forefathers who created the very homeland we live in. The emphasis must have been on the soaring ability of the eagle. Perhaps, at that time, they felt that America too was ready to fly into the annals of history at the highest of heights and the greatest of strengths. Thus, the American Bald Eagle represents not only our official seal, but also the philosophy of the American Federation.

Conclusion
Preserving the bald eagle becomes a responsibility upon us all. Since the symbol represents the core values of America, saving the Bald Eagles is like, in my opinion, valuing and saving the philosophy of America itself. Given that very few species come out of the endangered list, with the Bald Eagle one of them, our resolve is unquestionable. That is something we must cherish in this day and age, with the hideous nature of terrorist bent on doing the same thing to us, as we are doing to the Bald Eagles.

The eagle represents freedom. It represents the freedom of the American public.  Thus, it is important to understand our role in life and to mend our ways before we destroy this heritage of the American people. First of all, I feel that people should be more considerate about their environment. Over fishing, greed and consumerism can only go so far until it starts hurting the environment. Over fishing and hunting is one of the main causes of the endangerment to Bald eagles.  The unfair use of pesticides and un-careful spraying across the environment is highly irresponsible behavior.  These are manmade factors that can be controlled simply by a change in mentality. If everyone began to view this symbol as a national flag, things could be drastically changed. For that, it is important that people understand what the Bald Eagle stands for America.

Environmental disasters are not natural disasters. There is a clear difference between natural disasters and environmental disasters. Natural disasters are those disasters that occur on earth which cause loss of live and property and they occur without human activities having a hand on them. Such disasters are such as earthquake, floods, tornado, and volcanic eruption and other related disasters that occur because of geographical reasons. In many parts of the world, these disasters have left untold destruction to people and property. The death toll, injuries, lasting damage and media exposure of the environmental disasters are some of the untold effects that humans have to bare with.

Environmental Disasters
Disasters which occur due to human effects on the environment are referred to as environmental disasters. These are disasters associated with human activities directly or indirectly on the environment and have far reaching impacts on the environment and with time cause environmental changes which in turn result in disastrous actions leading to loss of live and property.

Environmental disasters can be categorized into the following classes-
Agricultural disasters
Biodiversity disasters
Coal related disasters
Human health disasters
Industrial disasters
Mining related disasters
Oil industry disasters
Nuclear related disasters
Air, Land and Water disasters
Agricultural Disasters

Agricultural environmental disasters are disasters which are ignited due to human activities on the environment altering the ecosystem. The disasters affect agriculture in terms of death of people and animals, death of plants due to severe weather changes, disruption of human life requiring even permanent migration options.

Human activities on forest destruction come along with many consequences ranging from soil erosion to upcoming of deserts. Disasters such as windstorms, floods, drought, landslides, forest fires and extreme temperatures among others are all associated with the destruction of ecosystem. When such disasters strike, then activities related to international trade e.g. agricultural export, tourism, crafts and industrial activities are affected and this affects people who are involved directly or indirectly.

Biodiversity Disasters
This is a situation that is making extinction of some live because of selfishness of human activities. Most people are aware by now that many animal species are close to becoming extinct, but few seem to realize how severe this has become and what consequences will come with such extinction. Research at the University of Florida indicates that during the last Ice Age, giant creatures were wiped out not by the change in climate but by human activities namely hunting.

The American Institute of Biological Sciences has compiled a comprehensive analysis of the circumstances surrounding the present biodiversity crisis, together with an extensive list of information resources. The biologist Edward O. Wilson, who is probably best known for his bookSocio-biology The New Synthesis, (1975), wrote an article titled is humanity suicidal giving a critical analysis how humans are killing all live within themselves at the cost of their prosperity.

Coal Disasters
Coal is believed to be more radioactive than nuclear waste. The by-products of coal e.g. fly ash contain very high levels of lead, mercury and other heavy metals which are hazardous to life.  In Tennessee, the Kingston Fossil Plant broke in December 22, 2008 unleashing more than 4million cubic meters of ash slurry into the community.

This was described as the worst environmental disaster in the history of the United States  which covered over one square kilometre of nearby land and flowed into the neighbouring Emory and Clinch rivers, where it has devastated the local aquatic environment and put residents at risk with poisonous substances associated with it on life health. Following this, many families where evacuated but what about the environmental partners around the spill

Mining Disasters
Mining also has had its share on environmental pollution. The spill from large mining confinement have due to some mess-ups spilled and found their way into environments and the result of that is devastating effects on the lives around the spills. Uranium known to cause cancers, organ damage, miscarriages and other birth defects is one of the minerals that are mined daily in developed countries such as United States, Canada, Russia and other countries in Europe. Drilling this radioactive material has been found to contaminate underground water such as rivers and springs which is a dangerous activity to people and any life around the mining areas.

Oil Industry Disasters
Oil industry too has had its share in environmental damage. Massive oil spill has been recorded in various seas. The oil spill is considered as one of todays greatest environmental disasters in the history of the Mediterranean Sea. This environmental disaster began with the leaking of oil into the sea after Israeli aircrafts targeted oil tanks in the Jiyyeh south of Beir. This is reportedly going to coast governments huge sums of money to a tune of 70million dollars for a clean up exercise. Even after this is done the after math of the spill has left rueful effects which will have Impacts on the Environment, on Human health, on Tourism, Biodiversity, and Fishing Industry.

Some of the biological impacts after an oil spill can include physical and chemical alteration of natural habitats such as when oil is incorporated into sediments, physical smothering effect on the marine life, lethal or sub-lethal toxic effects on the marine life, changes in the marine ecosystem resulting from oil effects on key organisms e.g. increased abundance of inter-tidal algae following the death of limpets which normally eat the algae.

Nuclear Disasters
In all environmental disaster events humans have caused, nuclear disasters have the possible greatest damage potential. The radiation release from nuclear leakage poses the significant acute and chronic risks in the immediate environs and that of a wide geographical range area. Radioactive contamination, which typically becomes airborne, is long-lived, withhalf-livesguaranteeing contamination for hundreds and hundreds of years.

Concerns have been voiced over potential nuclear disasters centre on nuclear reactors, typically those used to generate electric power. Other concerns involve the transport of nuclear waste and the temporary storage ofspent radioactive fuelat nuclear power plants. The fear that terrorists would target a radiation source or create a bomb capable of dispersing radiation over a populated area was added to these concerns following the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington. All this points the disasters risks that have been heightened by human hand on environment.

Industrial Disasters
Most industrialized countries like United States, Canada, Britain and now China have experienced incomparable economic growth in recent years. The growth needs space for expansion in urban centres and this has increased use of resources in turn exposed local populations to environmental risks.

National laws regulate land use and emergency planning, but there is still a lack of proper monitoring and implementation of guidelines, and the corporate sector, the regulating authorities and civil society in general need to implement some serious changes in behaviour. Huge manufacturing industries such as oil refineries, or chemical plants keep on expanding on their workplace in terms of manpower and space and this has refuse that are associated with it which have impacted the environment.

CONCLUSION
Are all these environmental disasters administered fairly and practically
The question on whether the environmental disasters are being administered and fairly practically managed remains a bone of contention. All round the world we are every now and again receiving tragedies arising from various disasters that have occurred due to environment. Disasters ranging from landslide and mudslides to earthquakes to floods and many more keep increasing. All these disasters when studied they are all linked directly or indirectly to environment degradation and as such, disasters of such kind have gone on the rise.

Having said what environmental disasters are and what are their causative agents, governments such as United States, China, and other countries in Europe do not seem to care right from the disaster causing agents and so find ways to sustain these disasters.

Agriculture
With ever growing populations in most countries, various governments have found it difficult to provide sufficient food to their population. The squeeze has left most of these governments on the verge of exploiting the available land irrespective of the farming practices and methods some of which are a disaster in waiting to the environment and also to humans.

Natural vegetation cover which provided as wind breaker, soil cover from erosion, a home for most living nature has been destroyed. The governments have gone silent in land resource management thus creating a weak environmental foundation. Always a weak environmental foundation results to various disasters in waiting.

Poor or no Soil Conservation has been addressed
People are often engaging in poor farming methods thus exploiting the land
Use of pesticides and other crop chemicals some of which have had adverse effects on the environment.

There is lack of training to the farmers practicing agriculture on the possible safe techniques and skills of farming while at the same time conserving the environment.

The above ill practices are intertwined with various social and ecological institutions and factors which have left environment vulnerable. The above human artefacts brought about by the pressure from the large societies to produce more, and the support from government institutions in the form of loans and credit have all contributed to the creation of the environmental dust bowl. Underlying the environmental disaster is now widespread taking human toll. Communities founded in agriculture but now the places of education, trade, communications, medical care, legal services, culture, and identity, were deeply shaken or destroyed causing a fragile environmental foundation which the governments are not addressing, instead a waiting for disasters to happen for the action to be decided and not on the factors that have caused the disasters but to compensate the victims and again wait

Industrialization and Urbanization
The growth of urban centres and industrial towns and industries in general has been witnessed in the present decade. With the expansion of industries and growth of urban centres means most lands on which this growth and expansion is taking place now is land that some of which has been fatal for our environment. But, with less regulatory framework and proper environmental policies from various governments and their agencies, this land has disappeared to pave way for industries and urban centres with no regard to the environment exposing all environmental disasters such as flooding, mud and landslides and huge temperatures and untamed air pollution.

Mining and Oil transportation
Looking at the risks that are involved in oil drilling and transportation process, most analysts consistently acknowledge that there are a dozen disasters in waiting either arising from the drilling and the wastes disposal challenges. The recent oil spill off the coast of Louisiana is one such example of an environmental tragedy that endangers the prosperity of coastal businesses that thrive on the natural environment, such as fishing and tourism.  The disaster unwrapped how the US government has been doing the talking and not the acting to protect and avoid such disasters. The spill exposed no policies to protect and manage disasters of such magnitude which will cause dire consequences for years to come not only for the living nature but also to the changes that will come with that are associated with the environment.

The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation
The international finance bodies namely world bank and International Finance corporation whom are at fore front in releasing funds for development projects in developing countries in assisting building infrastructure have failed to fund and monitor environmental projects. With the worlds population heading a 9 billion population of people and most of them in poor countries the international money lending instructions have failed to note how lending is going to help grow economies in such countries without erasing the planets natural assets.

The banks seem to be doing their share in reconstruction and helping the victims of environmental disasters but there is little to be desired on preventive and management of disasters if they recur. The most practical and fair way to proclaim and manage disasters arising from the environment is addressing the environmental challenges and conservation which does not seem to be the case with such international monetary institutions for development.

As long as the environment is neglected and uncared for, its degradation will only mean gradual accumulation of catastrophes due to disasters in waiting. There is need to make more investment in both structural and non-structural policies and training on environmental conservation if the disasters arising from environment are to be mitigated.

London is an urban environment and one can say that it is not an area suitable for growing crops. Nonetheless, London has its share of produce although it is not as much compared to other parts of Europe and the rest of England.

London is known to produce grapes, aubergines, potatoes, cauliflowers and cabbages. There is however no data indicating the amount of produce London contributes. What constitutes mostly of Londons produce comes from urban agriculture which includes backyard grown crops and crops grown in schools. Being the center of trade in England, it is not expected to have large farmlands (Petts 8).

The climate in London however may be deemed appropriate for growing crops. The climate in this bursting metropolis is temperate. It has a modest temperature during summer although it summers from heat waves because of the exhaust from vehicles. There is a lot of rain in London but only in the forms of drizzles. While London also experiences snow, it is nothing harsh. It is often only a few millimeters deep (Climate in London England).

Global warming however poses a threat to Londons climate which is apt for growing crops. Global warming is expected to bring increasing risks of flooding, droughts and extremely high temperatures (London Climate Change Partnership). With this change in temperature it is expected that some crops grown in England will not be able to adapt.

In the future, global warming can cause mutations in crops which can make it a hazard to human health. Ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays have been found to increase the rate of gene mutation. Eating mutated crops can cause unprecedented health hazards.

An increase in human population has put undue pressure on natural resources. In particular, the need to satisfy the global demand of consumer goods has led to an upsurge in agricultural and industrial activity. The environment is therefore facing a crisis emanating from factors such as pollution of land, the atmosphere, and water among other environmental issues (Kluger 2006).

One of the most widely debated environmental issues facing our planet today is global warming. Global warming is the increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the earths surface (Revkin 2008). Several factors are responsible for this apparently worrying phenomenon. First is the eccentricity in the earths revolution around the sun (Michaels 2004, p. 29). More heat is being emitted at a time when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing. Carbon, methane and oxides of nitrogen reduce the atmospheres capacity to radiate excess heat into outer space, leading to a rise in terrestrial temperatures (Michaels 2004, p. 29).

Even though natural processes such as volcanic activities account for a considerable amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, research through computer simulations has shown that results which are in line with current climatic conditions are only generated if mans activities are included (New York Times 2010). Mans activities such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, and inorganic farming have contributed to the increased the amount greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to unprecedented high levels (New York Times 2010). Indeed, many proponents and activists of global warming have claimed that global warming and the resultant climate change can largely be blamed on mans activities on earth, which are increasing greenhouse gases contribution in the atmosphere day in day out (Revkin 2008). Clearing land for settlement and agriculture and industrialization are the leading causes of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere as these activities lead to deforestation and the burning of fossil fuel as mention above (Kluger 2006). The immediate consequence is the now seen as near catastrophic global warming phenomenon, leading to climate change. When models simulating climate change exclude human contributions to global warming, simulated climates do not resemble what we currently have. It is for this reason that humanity must take remedial measures to reverse global warming and its effects.

Global warming has caused climatic conditions to change dramatically. We are now experiencing extreme and unpredictable weather patterns. Prolonged droughts, coupled with floods are threatening the survival of not only plants and animals, but also mankind (New York Times 2010). Rain patterns have become unpredictable affecting agricultural practices and species that depend on the natural environment for survival. For example, a diminishing forest cover has made resident species like mountain gorillas face the threat of extension. Melting glaciers and increasing oceanic temperatures as well as the rising sea levels have led to the occurrence of flash floods and flooding of coastal land settlements, which have dealt devastating blows to human and animal life as well as infrastructure (Revkin 2008). The question today is, should mankind initiate measures to adapt to global warming and climate change or should we invest our resources to programs that would help mitigate global warming.

With global warming, environmental pollution and the mass development being undertaken by man, the planet is under extreme stress in trying to equalize and balance the livable environment currently available to human beings. With time, the degradation will reach an irreversible point and the existence of biological life will be in jeopardy. Based on this premise, scientists, researchers and environmentally conscious governments and people are trying hard to act fast and proactively to delay, or somehow reverse the ecological degradation before it is too late.

The topic of construction and demolition waste has sounded various alarms in the past, but most recently, the stress on properly addressing the issue has reached various corners of the economy. To understand the implications construction and demolition waste has on the environment, it is important to consider what it construction and demolition waste really is.

Due to mans extravagant development needs, more building processes are taking place across the globe. This means the construction business has soared, and with requirements of building activity, resources are needed as well. When any activity as the above mentioned takes place, whether it be classified as building a skyscraper, as compared to a road, building materials are used. More than often, all materials are not used. At the same time, a lot of the material that is used is either degraded or turned into waste, or simply unusable.  These materials can consist of plastics, concrete, metals, glass, or even wood. The excess or reduced waste produced by construction processes, or the waste generated by demolition processes are both environmentally taxing. These materials are often large in nature and have a high density. They do not biodegrade, meaning they have to be stored in either landfills or incinerated. Both procedures seriously harm the environment in the form of waste of space, air pollution and disease coupling.  They not only tax global economies with the need for higher energy, but at the same time cause enormous inconvenience to human life.

Demolition and construction waste is often categorized into two components (Tam,  Tam, 2008) major contributors and minor contributors. The major contributors include materials such as bricks, cement, steel, rubble, stone and timber wood. These items contribute to waste in the form of demolition or construction of items such as windows panes, railings, support panels etc. In the demolition of houses or small buildings, timber wood is wasted to an enormous degree. In the end, the very materials that were used end up becoming waste materials which negatively affect the environment. Minor contributors include iron and plastics which are used in electrical circuits, piping procedures or other smaller panels. Once removed or placed, the material left over is of no use to constructors and builders. This eventually leads to an increase in waste as well.

Background analysis
The issue of demolition and construction wastage has plagued the planet for a good length of time. But even so, the inconsistency in statistical compilations and the lack of data to compliment the obvious, it is hard to assess the exact damage done by these waste materials to the environment. However, research has shown that out of the total municipal solid wastes, construction and demolition wastage contributes a massive 30 to the total number (Kibert, 2007). What is surprising is that all municipal solid wastes comprise approximately 14 of the global waste generated annually
To judge global wastage, statistics show that people in OECD countries generally dispose 5.3 Kilograms of waste per day, per person. The populations from lesser developed countries dispose of around 0.8 kilograms per day, per person (GDRC.Org). These trends are fast changing as the world collapses into a consumer driven society bent on having more than what is needed. Ratios from both ends of the world are increasing, and the increase in overall waste is set to increase.

Since the topic at hand is the recycling of construction and demolition waste, it is important to discuss the current trends in disposal of such items. Currently, the global waste finds its way to landfills 57-86 of the time. The data below shows the percentage of waste disposed through different methods on different continents.

The wastage trends are drastically increasing. The Basel Convention which deals with various issues including the management of waste materials concluded that from 2000-2001, the amount of waste generated annually increased by 20 million tons. The number has risen considerably since then. However, there are certain hopes and silver linings to this issue. In 1989, Nova Scotia in Canada decided to reduce wastage by half. Using better recycling and waste disposal methods, they were able to decrease the waste that ended up in incinerators by 46 (GDRC.Org).

Thesis Statement
The purpose of this paper is to examine the affects of construction and demolition waste on the environment, and provide methods and techniques which can help with the reduction, reusing and recyclability of the said waste. The research will be based on secondary data, and an analysis will be based upon the ideals currently in practice in the global atmosphere and how they can be improved.
During the later part of this paper, various government regulations in different countries and internationally acclaimed standards of quality and environmental stability will be analyzed and their affects on trying to reduce the damage done by construction and demolition waste will be stated. The aim is to provide an argument substantial enough to favor the cause of recycling in the industries producing construction and demolition waste.

Finally, a conclusion based on the facts and data stated in the paper will be offered. The aim of the paper is to augment the support for recycling construction and demolition waste.

Properties of Construction and demolition waste
Construction and demolition waste can be generated from various sources. However, their properties are dependent on the type of site being used in the process of building, demolition or reconstruction. Depending on the site, the level and properties of waste can vary (Kibert, 2007). Based on that premise, construction and demolition waste can vary according to the following sites (Haggar, 2007)
Demolition Sites -  where only demolition is to take place, and everything is to be broken down
Demolition and building sites  where after demolition, a new building has to be created
Restructuring sites  design changes, fitting changes and structural changes to already existing buildings has to be made

Undeveloped sites  undeveloped land, where building is scheduled to take place in the near future
Road side and refurbishing sites  development of roads, and refurbishment of roads
Demolition sites create the most wastage since everything that was once used to build the structure will be turned into waste. Similarly, other properties based on site designs change based upon the structural objective of the builders. Different sites create different forms of waste.

Methods and steps of construction and demolition waste collection
The generally followed hierarchy in the management of waste is a set methodology which goes from a step by step process towards the end of the cycle. This management cycle is often used as the basis for the collection of waste due to construction and demolition processes.

The first step involves reducing the amount of materials required to build a given structure. Using structural redesigns and new engineering methods, most constructors are now trying to efficient and effectively allocate resources so that the minimum amount of raw materials are used in the construction of a building, while protecting quality standards (Hobbs,  Establishment, 1996). This benefits both the environment and the constructor at the same time, since it saves their costs as well. Better estimation techniques in the use of materials and resource optimization, constructors can decrease the use of construction materials. This eventually leads to a direct decrease in the waste produced by construction and demolition processes, leading to better waste management.

The second step generally taken by developers is that of reuse. Materials that can be reused in future processes are collected and stored. Since these materials are put in use later, they do not become the waste that plagues our planet. Instead, most developers are now collecting waste which can be reused for both onsite use and offsite use. These materials can be reflected as roof tiles, fire places, and other materials which can be salvaged from the pile of waste created to be put into later use (Hobbs,  Establishment, 1996). This steps further decreases the waste content to the total since reused material does not count as waste.

The third step is checking for recyclable materials. Any material that can be salvaged and reassessed to create a new material can constitute as recycled. This often includes scrap steel which, after processing, can be used in construction processes again. It involves collecting iron bars, melting and molding them into new usable iron. Even concrete can be salvaged, recycled and use to produce materials for filling holes. Bituminous and asphalt bound materials can be regenerated and recycled in road development processes as well (Hobbs,  Establishment, 1996). These can be used in other developmental projects later. Recycling reuses, after value addition, many of the waste materials that are generated during construction and demolition. Since the end quantity of waste is decreased, the process becomes environmentally friendly and useful in the decreasing of overall waste contents.
Finally, the last two stages are incineration and land filling. When none of the above methods can be utilized, builders are left with little but no option but to either burn the waste, if it is burnable, and if it is not, the waste it sent to landfills (Haggar, 2007). Both factors are environmentally taxing but are methods of waste management. Incinerations produce harmful toxins which cause air pollution and can lead to devastating effects on the environment. Land filling leads to collecting of waste which creates a zone for disease to be produced and is an environmentally unfriendly practice.

Best Method
Based on the above arguments, it is clear that there is no one set method that can be employed. Builders use a variety of methods depending on the site design and construction patterns being employed. However, it is clear that the best options of waste management are based on the 3 Rs. These include, Reduce, Re-use and recycle (Hobbs,  Establishment, 1996). The 3 Rs model is perfect for protecting the environment and observing better waste management processes.

When waste from construction and demolition processes are reused, the final waste content is far lesser in comparison. Thus, less waste is incinerated or ends up  in landfills, decreasing the negative effects on the environment. Similarly, recycling in itself is a positive prospect which has been identified as the best method through this paper. Not only is waste reused but is also put to a different use through value addition. It not only decreases the costs to the environments but to the manufacturer and builder as well. Finally, the efficient and efficient resource allocation and material selection from the beginning develops streamlined efficient building processes (Haggar, 2007). Because of this, the overall waste content is streamlined and only that waste is created which cannot be controlled.

Government policies
Various global governments have taken a stand to environmental degradation in recent years. as such, many have developed new policies and procedures which keep checks and balances on environmental reforms. The wastage materials caused by construction and demolition works have come under necessary scrutiny by various governments and as such, the United States has been one of the first to introduce checks on the built sector in this regard. Various legislations and laws have been passed to enforce more environmentally friendly processes in waste management by the built sector. International standards have been developed which introduce measurement systems to enforce environmentally friendly practices.

The part of the paper will first elaborate on the international standards set by various governments and organizations that have set enforcement protocols to introduce a better system of waste management. Later, using the United States as the case study, various legislations will be discussed that have been created to improve waste management systems and to introduce recycling as the new option of waste management processes.

The various international standards that have been introduced to keep measurement policies on the wastage systems of the built sector include
LEED standards
ISO 14000
CMRA
LEEDS Standards

The Leeds standard was developed by the U.S Green Building Council, through a consensus with various architects, builders, engineers and product manufacturers. This standard set the bar for developing green buildings in the manufacturing industry and providing them encouragement through recognition. The LEEDS standard has a set of criteria that firms have to meet. These are rated on scales and are based on performance measurement rather than other methods which try prescriptive policies (Georgia DoD Pollution Prevention, 2002). The emphasis has been on design restructuring and green engineering to influence manufacturers to develop processes which are environmentally friendly. This helps waste management because when firms are more ecologically friendly and conscious, they have little or no choice but to reduce waste automatically (Georgia DoD Pollution Prevention, 2002). Even if any waste is produced, since the entire process is meant for the benefit of the environment, the waste is not as hazardous as that produced through normal methods of construction.

The various guidelines set by the standard include how far a firm recycles materials, is energy efficient and raw material use. The better a company performs on these standards, the more ratings they are credited, determining their LEED standard (Haggar, 2007). This is an internationally approved standard and has international recognition. Firms vying to take this standard are required to fulfill certain criterias. Once they have done that, they gain from the enormous public sentiments in favor of protecting the environment and also become more cost effective.

ISO 14000
This standard enforces firms to set internal standards that comply with environmental regulations. The concept is to help firms stabilize, improve and become more efficient internally to produce better environmentally stable output. Business solutions, revamping of business processes and the restructuring of critical businesses are some of the roles this standard seeks to play. Since these are more internal control in nature rather than external, they are more efficient in restructuring entire corporate cultures. When it comes to the environment, this standard ensures that firms document changes, train their employees in respect to that and exhibit it in their applications (Edwards, 2004).
One of the most effective tools this standard uses is that it checks upon the environmental footprint of the company itself. Those companies who are involved in environmentally taxing behavior, especially high emissions and waste creation, they need to fix their processes to achieve this standard. Thus automatically helping with the control of waste management. The standard also observes the life cycles of the company itself (Cascio, Woodside  Mitchell, 1996). It starts from the manufacturing date till the point of disposal. This is especially effective when dealing with waste management because this standard actively watches over how industries dispose of their waste. When companies are under scrutiny, they are more poised to take part in effective and efficient waste management techniques such as recycling.

CMRA
The construction Materials Recycling Association is one organization that is directly relevant to the topic at hand. This organization is specifically related to the waste management caused by the construction and demolition sector of industries (G.I.E. Media, 2006). They promote active recycling and waste management procedures by giving tips, guidelines and information related to the benefits that firms can reap simply by being more ecologically friendly.

This organization has actively set an agenda to promote the use of recycling in daily processes. For one, they have advocated the use of recycling materials such as asphalt, gypsum, wood and concrete. At the same time, alongside their literature help, they also help firms wanting to shift towards recycling alternatives with appropriate financial funding as well. They have a direct role to play in the reduction of waste caused by the construction and demolition processes in development. They actively support recycling procedures and influence the waste management processes directly.

Legislations and laws
Currently the most sustainable form of document available that enforces recycling requirements is the Code of Federal Requirements (CFR247) (Georgia DoD Pollution Prevention, 2002). This code has developed a list of items that can be and should be recycled for manufacturing in other areas.  At the same time, it has enforced on federal agencies to purchase such products only from companies who fit the bill as recycling compliant companies. Though there are some exceptions to this regard, this has been an affective influencer on various industries to influence them into the mode of recycling and decreasing their waste production.

The United States federal government also passed an executive order (13101) (Georgia DoD Pollution Prevention, 2002) which enforces all federal institutions to comply with recycling standards. This means that waste management, waste prevention and recycling standards must be maintained by all federally administered companies, influencing and creating a trend for recycling.

Recycling Procedures and uses
To understand recycling procedures it is important to understand which items can be recycled and which cannot be. Generally, items such as steel, cardboard, iron and asphalt are recyclable. There is a general consensus that 90 of all material that ends up in landfills can either be reused or recycled in some form or the other (Tam,  Tam, 2008). Various methods of recycling are employed by various organizations in an effort strengthen their waste management systems.

Basic recycling can be done through the separation of containers. Waste objects are divided based on their recyclability and are assorted accordingly. The items that can be recycled are recycled where as those which cannot be are treated according to normal waste management systems.  Since the division has been made, most manufacturers find the process simple as it involves little involvement from the side of the constructor or manufacturer (Winkler, 2010). However, there is a chance that a lot of material can be lost which could be recycled otherwise due to inefficient training of personnel responsible for container filling.

Other manufacturers and constructors simply segregate items on site. As the processes are being moved along the product life cycle, new materials, which would otherwise be treated as waste, are collected in containers for recycling purposes. Since this is a continuous process, it requires space and time allocation, but the rewards are greater in the form of more materials being dedicated towards recycling. Not only does it help with waste management, it saves the manufacturer and constructor money, since the direct sale of directly segmented recycling material gives a chance to them to earn money.

Another method that is employed is that of time based separation. Based upon the timing and sequence of construction processes, waste produced during each stage is collected and recycled accordingly (Winkler, 2010). This method saves time, space and money to the builder. While this is an appropriate method for many firms, others outsource this activity to firms specializing in recycling management. Instead of the builder investing his time and effort, firms are used to separate, segregate and ship the recyclable content to recycling centers.

Recycling usage is very beneficial to firms if they see their efforts as providing a product to an end market. For instance, cellulose insulation can be manufactured through the recycling of newspapers. Similarly, organic asphalt shingles are often produced through the reuse of wood fibers and recycled paper. Both these items have a market worldwide. If builders start viewing the opportunities as business men, recycling is a business on its own. Markets for various recyclable goods exist. For instance, recycled wood can be sold those manufacturers or furniture. Metal can be sold to salvagers who later use it in other processes.  Rubble can be collected and sent to manufacturers or filling substances. Each recycled material has a market somewhere or the other and if recycling is favored by constructors, not only would it help them manage their waste more efficiently, but they can make a profit while doing it as well.

Economic Benefits of recycling
More firms who are associated with builders and demolitionist are asking for a cut in base line costs. Thus, constructors and demolition firms are under constant pressure to find alternatives to cut back costs. What they do not realize is that by simply adhering to recycling standards and marketing that in the line of business, they can achieve lower costs and gain profits as well.

First of all, following the 3 Rs model of Recycling, re-using and reducing, firms can do wonders for themselves. By recycling, firms will actually make money from waste they would have otherwise either burnt (which they would have to pay for) (Winkler, 2010), or disposed off in a landfill. Recycling, with a little value addition can even create new products for the firm to use at much lower costs that they would have gotten them at had they not recycled. Reusing products is direct cost reduction and savings hand in hand. Plus, later expenses on the same products can be curtailed as well, making it a valuable investment. Finally, when it comes to reducing materials and improving resource allocation, the disposal cost of materials wasted directly goes down. The end argument is, the lower the disposal of waste, the lower costs the firm will have to pay towards it waste management system.

Second, being environmentally friendly can help make firms make close friends with new clients. By marketing their waste management procedures and their environmentally friendly techniques, new businesses will be more inclined to do business with the said firm. Not only this, they will have a positive rapport with the community they operate in, serving them as a long social investment. With more governments favoring environmentally friendly behavior from firms, there is a good chance of earning leverage with the government and taking advantage of the various schemes they launch especially for those producers and manufacturers who are environmentally sustainable and friendly.

Associated benefits for firms
Firms stand to gain from recycling their waste substantially. By using efficient and effective waste management protocols, companies can reduce their costs substantially. Thus, one of the primary incentives of recycling includes cost cutting preferences of firms. Furthermore, many firms look for factors other than money. Since waste management procedures are very time consuming, recycling offers a way out for them. At their convenience, a lot of their waste material can be segregated and disposed off conveniently.

With new laws and legislation coming out in favor of environmentalist and global ecological protection, it is abundantly clear that long term liabilities of firms with inefficient waste management procedures, especially those dealing with construction and demolition waste, will have to face the music sooner or later. Based on that premise, it is advantageous for firms to think about recycling now to promote a better image and decrease their long term liability at the same time.

Finally, firms encouraging recycling in their waste management processes are actively marketing their commitment and resolve to society. They can eventually market this to the public as one of their corporate social responsibility initiatives. The media attention and hype can change the direction of firms working in the construction and demolition business, since this business is particularly associated with being non progressive.

Conclusion
The paper has reduced new technologies and ways of recycling materials in the construction and demolition industry. It has reflected upon the different sources of pollution that are created through ineffective waste management and the possibilities that lie for firms wanting to be more ecologically friendly. At the same time it highlighted the importance of effective waste management in response to the current state of the environment.

However, at the same time it has to be noticed that initiatives towards the setting up of recycling plants across industries is drastically required. Often, many firms face shortages of recyclers in their areas which put them at a disadvantage of using this waste management procedure.  Similarly, new processes have to be developed to streamline current recycling processes. Often, these processes are weak and unstructured which lead to them being cost intensive rather than effective.

If these problems can be adequately handled and more information is given to firms, especially those operating in the build sector, a radical transformation towards the use of recyclable waste management can occur. in the end, the change and transition can provide sustainability to a lot more operations in the built sector, and provide an environmentally taxing industry, a greener look.