Environmental Issues

E-Inclusion Recycling The Solution
E-Inclusion Recycling Community Investment Company is a Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) waste collection company. They are also in charge of computer refurbishment and recycling these kinds of wastes. They were renowned because of their efficient operations in recycling these kinds of materials, which are considered very detrimental to the environment.

According to their website, they are a social enterprise that undertakes Digital and Social Inclusion Programmes, which means that they support social work by helping deprive communities in Wales. They also claim to exist with no income streams (we receive no funding for the work we do).

Because of their efficient operations, they are subject to many commendations and are actively supported by the Newport local government. Some ecologists even branded E-Inclusion as one of the manifestations of financially-dependent environmental government mechanisms that achieved success in their work, claiming that methods like those of E-Inclusion is a mark of sustainable development, and a perfect example of the unlikely fusion of business and environmental awareness.

Sustainable Development in the Ecological Approach
First, we would have to define the term sustainable development in order to make the analysis easier. Although sustainable development has many definitions from different theories, the generally accepted definition of sustainable development is a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (UN World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Thus, sustainable development can be considered the most logical end that a nation must achieve in order to make its people more content. According to Jonathan M. Harris in his paper Basic Principles of Sustainable Development (2000) and as well as many other theorists of sustainable development, there are three factors that must be given equal credit in order to create a truly sustainable pattern of developmentthe economic, the environmental, and the social.

First is the economic factor, which is considered the base because it is where the goods and commodities that will be managed and given to the citizens and will be used to support the government are grounded upon. Hence, an appropriate and sustainable economic system will be very elemental in realizing the said concept. Harris (2000) puts this system as something that must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external debt, and to avoid extreme imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production.

The environmental factor, alse called the ecological factor in some circles, sets the limit for the development that the first factor wishes to tread. According to Herman Daly, a proponent of the sustainable development, natural capital (natural resources) must be conversed in order to create an inter-generational equity and thus achieve a long-lasting, if not constant and permanent development. He argued against the neoclassical economic view that natural capital, renewable or non-renewable, must not be conserved, given the condition that the depletion of a resource must invest into an artificial and renewable resource (Daly, 1994). This is exactly the logic of what Vladimir Lenin called imperialism, in which the resources of a neo colony is exploited by an imperialist because of a lack in raw materials, leading to the crippling of neo colony (Lenin, 1939). Of course, this crippling can also happen within a country if the country runs short of its natural resources and chooses not to import raw goods. Thus, the neoclassical point of view on the maximum use of natural resources is not that effective, as today even at the enormous accumulated wealth of the capitalist nations, there is still no effective and reliable substitute to the resources. Continued unregulated use of these resources may lead to an economic deadlock, which may lead to mass starvation and eventual extinction of the human race. Daly (1994) said that in order to avoid this fate, the best thing to do is to conserve the natural resources. He argued further that these natural resources are still the best resources in their own rightno artificial substitute can suffice to their lost. Thus, this ecological limit is very elemental in limiting the power of economics and achieves sustainable development.

Another view in the light of the ecological factor is regarding the connection of biodiversity and sustainable development. C.S. Holling, a renowned ecologist, gave the direct connection of the laws of biology and economy. First, he said that although neoclassical economic theory encouraged the limitless and unregulated power of economy, it still has very powerful and unalienable limits (limits set by time, space and energy will be inevitably encountered). In practice, Holling sets out that although economic will say that the economic system can sustain any number of individuals given that there must be no constraints against the system, population and consumption levels will still remain to be very important factors, as these two limits are in themselves inalienable.. However, his most important contribution would be his theory that biodiversity is the weapon of nature to prevent the extinction of species (Holling, 1994). Put simply, biodiversity (roughly, the number of species in an ecosystem) will be a buffer in case of blunders that external factors may inflict upon a species. Thus, a more diverse ecosystem will be able to handle a dilemma of similar proportions better than a less diverse one.

In practice, then, the state must take into consideration the environment in their economic policies. Thus, the adage Nature strikes back is not precisenature does its things to us but our own blunders discourages nature to help us in coping with it.

Nonetheless, Harris (2000) tells us that
Sustainability, then, is more than limits on population or restraint in consumption though these are important. It means that in our choice of goods and technologies we must be oriented to the requirements of ecosystem integrity and species diversity. It also implies that the apparent independence of economics from biophysical science is a luxury we can no longer afford.

In trying to achieve the state of sustainable development, then, economic policies will never be enough. Appropriate ecological policies will have a very important role in this action.

The next part of the paper will try to evaluate the extent that Newport City had already achieved in pursuing sustainable development and the E-Inclusion Recycling Company will have role in the said endeavour.

Is E-Inclusion  sustainable development
Having said the over-all framework of sustainable development, we now have to enter into an analysis of the E-Inclusion Recycling Community Investment Corporation.

One of the rather obvious traits that the E-inclusion possesses is their direct connection to the government. It would then be necessary to say that currently, Great Britain functions on the Keynesian political economy framework which was reaffirmed and supposedly improved by Thatcherism from 1975 to 1990. This kind of economic approach and method focuses on the goal of freer markets, in which social service and major industrial corporations will now be put into the private domain. Nonetheless, these private companies and other elements of economy such as the cash flow will still under the control of the state. This, in turn, leads to a controlled and regulated corporatism. E-Inclusion, on the other hand is a Community Invest Corporation, having a community service aspect but still works on the private-government tandem of giving social service.

It would ten be necessary to give a brief description of CICs, their management dynamics and how they operate within the economic and societal context. According to the E-Inclusion website
A Community Interest Company (CIC) is a new type of company introduced in the United Kingdom Government in 2005.

A CIC is designed for social enterprises that want to use their profits and assets for the public good. CICs are limited companies or public limited companied with all the flexibility and certainty of the company form, but with some special features to ensure they are working for the benefit of the community rather than rewarding owners and investors in the company.

Their definition seems good enough and we will even see an attempt to put positive light into the definition. However, there are grey areas that did not address either intentionally or not. First, they did not mention what are these special features which ensure that their stock holders and investors will not benefit from the company. In fact, these special features may not even do the job they the company claims it to do. The term investor itself brings in the picture that someone or something gave his financial part in order to get a benefit (hence the word invest). The company functions on the dynamics of companies, wherein stockholders exists to fund the company.

Nonetheless, one thing that E-Inclusion may be looked at the positive angle is their being backed by the state. Because the government endorses and enforces them to giver waste collection service to the citizens of Newport (in fact, the Newport website has the E-Inclusion as one of the most responsible for the current tag of Newport as the Greenest City in South Wales), they have more power and control over the WEEE waste. Hence, there will be more organized collection, disposal and recycling of these dangerous materials primarily because it is the government that spearheads the job. In contrast to an unregulated WEEE service, which will definitely be marked by fierce competition), E-Inclusions can collect the majority, if not all of the WEEE in Newport. There will be more likely no dumped wastes on the backyards due to the nature of the service. Looking at the larger scheme of things, pollution will also be more properly and efficiently monitored and controlled because of state control.

Other than this, another thing that can be gleaned in their remarkable claim (supposing it is true, of course) is their claim to put all their income into the investments so that it will augment and improve their services. Although the truthfulness of their claim is much disputed, the sense of recycling income is good in creating sustainable development. Of course, traditional business method is capital-profit-part of profit as capital- profit...and so on and so forth. This method is not different from E-Inclusions method. However, the good thing about the traditional business method is that is geared towards the achievement of profit. In E-Inclusions case, if all or majority of profit is dedicate as capital again, in the form of developing the service, then an increasing and more likely stable sustainable development will be created, especially if we include the fact that the corporation is backed by the state. Moreover, E-Inclusion is unlike other businesses which consume natural resources large-scale, and hence detrimental to the environment. E-Inclusion is definitely more of the opposite as it seeks to prevent ecological imbalance through proper collection of WEEE. This is of course not withstanding the fact that the company uses energy and other resources.

This kind of social capitalism (which has some resemblance with the current economic form of China) seeks to create income which will be used to used to advance the technology and use this technology to mitigate and act on the environmental problems. One notable example of this is the Kyoto Protocol shift in 1997 (Bohringer and Vogt, 2003) which prompted refrigerator manufacturers in the countries which signed it must shift from the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as coolant into safer coolants. This agreement arose from the findings that CFCs are one of the biggest contributor to the destruction of the ozone layer. However, this technology would not be readily available without the funded research regarding these things. Corporations have the capital to support them, advance the technology and thereby help in preserving the environment. In this case, we can already discount the assumption that corporatism inherently promotes the destruction of the planet.

Another thing how will we be assured that a company such as the E-Inclusion will realty uses their income to developmental projects rather than to feed their pockets This will be answered first by addressing the fact that corporations are geared towards profit. However, gaining profit is a very complicated matter as it touched upon the domains such as the image of the company, advertising and of course the service itself. By addressing environmental issues, however, the company can gain the trust of the citizens and thereby gain profit. Thus, being eco-friendly is profitable. Corporations would choose to use more eco-friendly methods. We can go further by addressing another fact that being environmentally friendly can also cut production costs primarily because the use of alternative methods rather than the mainstream (for instance, fossil fuels) will maximize profit. Of course, this too sounds rather neo-classical-ish. Nonetheless, the inclusion of the ecological factor makes this model close to the one favoured to sustainable development.

E-Inclusion, thus, can be considered a good model in advancing sustainable development in Newport. The proper management and high technological advance of the said company can be considered a very effective mechanism in making Newport achieve its current title as green city.

Critique
We have seen in the example of E-Inclusion that private entities under state-control can contribute to development of a city and at the same to the preservation of the environment. However, there are many backlogs that can be seen, especially if we include the third factor in achieving sustainable development, which is the social factor.

Firsts, although the goals and methods of E-Inclusion are heroic enough, it is inevitable to see these merely as marketing strategies. The company, as said earlier, is geared towards profit, not social servicing. Social servicing is only their venue for them to gain wealth. This logic will prove to be rather disturbing if we apply Marxist theory of wealth accumulation and the roots of inequality. It would then be logical enough to say that due to the developments and gain that E-Inclusion may have already gained, their garbage collectors may then be far richer than the urban poor of Newport.

Other than this, we can see another consequence that corporatism can actually lead into. Because companies are geared for profit, they are advancing the technologies that are related to their enterprise, not because of the goal of advancing the technology per see but to gain profit. Going further, we can conclude that the companies such as the E-Inclusion will only develop the technologies that are beneficial for them. If advancing a certain field, such as energy, may prove itself to be disadvantageous to the company, then the company will not choose to develop that field. Development and technological advance, hence, is selective in such a framework.

This is the exact logic of the poverty of the nations in many Asian countries. Because improving ways of energy will jeopardize the markets of the larger nations who profit on oil, advancement is often blocked. This technological deadlock can happen, sadly, to the nations who rely much on the private companies for their development.

Conclusion
E-Inclusion CIC has a very good framework as it pursue advance in technology of WEEE recycling and protecting the environment. However, because they are still a company who has investors, they are still geared towards profit and in this case, tendencies of technological deadlock may happen. Social inequality can also become worse, as capital and cash is increasing becoming centred in achieving wealth. Hence, E-Inclusion can become a tool for development, but this development is selective and not viable for a truly sustainable development.

Global warming can be defined as the process whereby there is increase in the average temperature of the earths atmosphere largely because of various anthropogenic causes. Anthropogenic causes are those that are attributed to human activities. However, there are also some natural causes which may be insignificant when compared to the anthropogenic ones. Global warming can also be referred to as the worldwide warming or the rise in temperature. The increase in temperature triggers a sequence of events which in return causes destruction to the planet (Naik, 2009). Global warming will cause a lot of harm than good on earth and its effect are so evidence in that it cause rise in sea level, destruction of water resources as well as negative impact on agriculture and human health.

Global warming has become a major concern to the whole world today. As days goes by, things are deteriorating with respect to the surface temperature and subsequent drastic climate variation. To a great extent this is caused by the green house effect which goes hand in hand with global warming. The green house effect is caused by emission of green house gases like methane and carbon dioxide which normally prevent the outgoing radiation of the sun from getting back into space (Marian, 2009).
  Methane gas results from bacteria breaking down organic matters under oxygen starved conditions. There are different heat-trapping abilities for different greenhouse gases with some trapping more heat than others. For example a molecule of methane gas produces more warmth into the atmosphere (20 times the warming) than a molecule of carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide is usually 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide among other gases and thus scientists study all the greenhouse gases comparing them with the equivalent amount ofcarbon dioxide (National Geographic Society, 2010).

Causes of global warming
The causes of global warming are classified into two natural and man made. The natural causes includes the change of global climate over the years where by the temperatures are rising day after day. The climate has continued to change over the centuries and the scientists have proven that the natural rotation of the sun has created changes due to the intensity of sunlight as the sun move closer to the earths surface (Ignatova, 2009).

The green house effect is also one of the major causes of global warming. It comes as a result of the building up of gases in the atmosphere which absorbs heat along wave lengths interacted radiation before they are lost in space. The radiation of heat to the space helps to maintain a constant average temperature. This is whereby the green house gases like the carbon dioxide and methane absorbs a part of this heat energy and then radiates it back to the surface of the planet and thus effectively trapping it to the lower atmosphere. The reflecting back of heat energy by the atmosphere is what is called the green house effect (Abrahamson, 1989).

The process explained above raises the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth surface which in turn raises the sea level causing increased evaporation and precipitation. The effect leads to the formation of global cloud cover and thereby altering the distribution of climate across the service and the planet (Abrahamson, 1989).

Another natural cause of global warming is the vaporizer emission of volcanic eruption which causes the blocking of sunlight and the end result becomes short term cooling of areas of the earth surface. As a result of these volcanic eruptions, there is a certain percentage of carbon monoxide emitted and this is also believed to cause greater damage. Increased volcanic activity ends up causing more land slides and also having more impacts that goes beyond the sites where volcanoes are normally situated. They usually release sulphur clouds into the atmosphere and even affect the air travel (Telegraphic Media Group, 2010).

One of the man made cause of global warming is the burning of fossils. 40 of the carbon dioxide emissions come from burning of fossils like in power plants where electricity is generated. In addition, a third of the carbon dioxide also results from burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engines of cars, buses, motorcycles, recreation vehicles, trucks among others. Methane gas is also released during the processing and preparation of fossil fuels (Oilprice, 2010).

It is evident that there is a lot of pollution in the world today that is attributed to the burning of fossils. When these fossils are burned, they produce carbon dioxide just as indicated in the above and this is one of the green house gases that trap heat in the atmosphere thus contributing to global warming. When the causes of global warming are investigated, a great percentage is attributed to anthropogenic causes which are as a result of increased population. As the population continues to increase, this means more requirements like transport, food, electricity among others which eventually leads to global warming (Naik, 2009).

On the other hand, deforestation also causes global warming. It is said to be the second most prolific cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide influx. It is responsible for nearly a quarter of all carbon emissions that goes into the atmosphere. Nearly thirty four million acres of land get their trees cut down and sometimes burned worldwide each year. This process of deforestation is dangerous because it does not only give a provision for production of carbon dioxide but also wipes out the most effective cleanser of carbon dioxide offered by trees and other plants by consuming it (carbon dioxide) and producing pure oxygen which is a by-product of photosynthesis (OilPrice, 2010).

The effects of global warming
There are many effects that results from global warming. Some are beneficial while others of great losses though losses outweigh the benefits. One of the effects of global warming is the rise in sea level which comes from the melting of polar ice caps. This later causes severe flooding, harbors, erode beaches and cliffs in many countries. Such will perhaps break up barriers islands leading to intrusion of salt water into drinking water supplies and destroy coastal wetlands and fisheries which depends upon them (Abrahamson, 1989). Many experts are predicting that by the year 2030 or 2100, there will be floods in 15 of Egypt, and 12 of Bangladesh. They also predict that that the Maldives in the Indian Ocean will almost completely disappear (Marian, 2009).

The rising sea level will also lead to greater storms and more damage from the hurricanes. The number of these hurricanes will perhaps increase as well as their destructive forces leading to economic losses in many countries (Abrahamson, 1989). Effects of hurricanes may also become more frequent as the temperature of the Atlantic Ocean rises. This is according to the historical weather data and computer simulation. Hurricanes are also contributed by very heavy rains. The researchers have also stated that the intensity of hurricanes increases by 5 for every one degree Celsius rise in temperature. If this trend continues, then the storms will just become more intense and thus causing more destruction (Naik, 2009).

Secondly, there are also effects on agriculture. These includes the destruction of grain, vegetables and animal agriculture, fiber production and many other activities that depend on the in-stream river flows like the electricity, fuel production, urban water uses, large transport and agricultural irrigation. Others that would still be affected include settlement patterns, coastal development and all forest related industries (Abrahamson, 1989).

In addition, global warming results to increased weeds as a result of frequent heavy rains, harmful insects and shortage of food. Some investigations conducted by Nagoya University and National Institute for Environmental Studies showed a prediction of rice production increasing slightly in some countries, but in some others like India and China, the production of wheat and corn will decrease drastically by 2100 due to the impact of global warming on agriculture. This will have serious impact on countries like Japan which are dependent on other countries for production of food (APEC, 2100).

The impact of global warming is evident in Japan in that the production of rice which is their staple food and also wheat in some areas has gone down. It amazing in that while the production of rice in some regions goes up, wheat production goes down. Global warming will trigger frequent natural disasters like harmful weeds coming up and harmful insects from the tropical and subtropical zones which will then spread to the temperate zone and finally damage the harvests (APEC, 2001).

On the other hand, global warming has effects on health and disease. People today are infected by many new diseases that were really unheard of in the last centuries. Bacteria are known to be more effective and also to multiply very fast in warm temperatures compared to cold temperatures. When there is an increased temperature, there are possibilities of increased microbes that cause these diseases (Marian, 2009). Climate change is the main factor contributing to human health problems and this leads to loss of many lives.

In addition, global warming causes the rise of infectious diseases since the insects transmitting these diseases will tend to adapt to cold and hot conditions. Global warming also causes problems to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases due to increased temperatures. Some people are also known to die of heatstroke and others suffering from respiratory problems due to increased temperatures. In addition increase in temperatures also causes the concentration of ozone in the lower atmosphere. Ozone is said to be a harmful pollutant that causes respiratory problems as well as damaging lung tissues and this ends up causing more complication for people with asthma (Dsilva, 2000-2009).
         
Melting of glacier ice also results to loss of habitat for various animal species living in such places where there is melting of glacier. The melting of ice has also become a great concern since they are important sources of fresh water through out the world. This also contributes to submerging of low lying areas. This is due to melting of glacier that causes the rise in sea level which continues to increase therefore threatening the low lying areas. This is a serious threat to large cities lying at the coast (Naik, 2009).

Global warming also has had impact on some animals and plants in that it destroys or shifts their habitats to such places as mountainous areas. Global warming also affects hibernation, breeding and migration pattern of animals. Hibernation and egg laying or animal birth is now happening earlier per decade. This can be referred as an unhealthy pattern because the young ones are born with defects. There are also cases of stillbirth being experienced. The issue of the insects laying the eggs earlier is one of the reasons why insects like butterflies and small birds are disappearing in North America. In addition, many animals and birds travel long distances to warmer climate for breeding purposes (Rajeev, 2009).

Conclusion
Global warming has today become a major concern world wide as it has caused more harm than good. Human activities have contributed a great deal in global warming compared to natural causes. However, we cannot overlook the natural causes too they have also contributed to global warming up to a certain percentage. The effects of the same are so severe, causing a lot of destruction like volcanic eruption, flooding, drought, destroying plants and animal habitats among others. Therefore the world should work harder so as to curb global warming where possible so as to prevent the damage caused by global warming world wide.

The growing number of business has increased the needs to establish a manufacturing facilities or business representative in many locations. This situation while provides interesting figures from economic or business point of view, still it is potential to present another problems if the development does not comply with environment preservation in a particular location or area.

As the development of business influences the environment, there is a notion that the development should take into account external factors not only the economic matters but also environment. Concerning this issues, this paper will elaborate the discussion of sustainable development especially analyzing the statement from Adams (200923) telling us that there is no simple meaning of sustainable development far from making the phrase useless, it is precisely because of its ability to host divergent ideas that sustainable development has proved so useful, and has become so dominant.

In order to giving the stances over the statements, we will provide several real-case examples from companies. In addition, we will also present the brief on sustainable development, its impact to the business, and business strategies, which is developed to achieve the truly sustainable development.

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development, by definition, refers to the ability of a business to fulfil present needs without sacrificing the next generations future needs. This is not the only definition on sustainable development as Adams (200923) also reveals that there is no simple meaning of sustainable development. However, from many definitions regarding this matter, they all share something in common where they typically reveal three factors influencing the sustainable development they are environment, economy and society just like described in the figure 1. As described in the figure, each cross-section from two factors bear one element that further develops in sustainability.

Figure 1 Factors influencing sustainable development
Source Acadmie Nancy-Metz, 2010

In simple statements, the relationship between the three factors can be describes as a situation that a business should consider when developing its activities in order to increase the economical development that a country or a region faces without eliminating the society concerns over the need to have good environment. In other words, sustainable development represents the accomplishment of social and economic progress that pays attention to the preservation of environment by using natural resources in appropriate practices (Acadmie Nancy-Metz, 2010).

Sustainable Development Implication toward Businesses
Concerns towards Sustainable Development
According to several findings on researches and observations, it is revealed the growth of economy and environmental development occupies similar potion within a discussion. This underlines that developed countries such as United States of America, Canada, and UK have a strict environmental guideline in order to preserve their society concerns. Unfortunately, the rigorous environmental regulation does prohibit growth of business including the fast pace of invention instead of encouraging business to raise the environmental-safe concerns (BSD Global, 1992).

Under such circumstances, the search for appropriate shapes of business development that takes into account environment and social concerns is the challenging ways for regulators and business as well. This initiative has driven many companies to set new objectives in performing their business the three goals are environmental protection, social well-being, and economic development (BSD Global, 1992).
This practice underscore the Adams statement that amidst the variety of definition on sustainable development, businesses admits that sustainable development has proved so useful, and has become so dominant.

But, still, there are also people or businesses that only limit the scope of sustainable development as a good business itself that generate opportunities for the stakeholders, individuals or a group of people that have concerns towards the development of a business, especially for several types of green businesses (BSD Global, 1992).

In addition, it is also identified that sustainable development will have a positive effect on suppliers of green consumers, developers of safer materials and processes, investors of eco-efficiency operations, and social-oriented companies.

Despite the growing awareness towards the benefits of carrying out sustainable development, there are still lots of businesses that consider sustainable development as one source of costly activities. This view emerges because they believe there is a force that drive them to perform trade-offs between the advantages of economical issues and social-environmental safety (Business Strategies, 1992).

Innovation for Sustainable Development
Realizing the dilemma that businesses encounter during the implementation of sustainable development issue, they consider invention and innovation as the integral part in achieving the sustainable development issue.

In this manner, the invention and innovation of technology does not only refer to creating advanced technologies but also those who are environmentally safe and include the innovative ideas that lead to improved processes and methods of solving problems (Lemelson MIT Program, 2003).

Realizing the challenges that society faces in the long term, therefore, the use of appropriate technology may provide favourable condition to spawn invention and innovation that utilize material, which complies with sustainable development concept.

Moreover, the innovation and invention in sustainable development concept goes beyond merely develop new technologies. In fact, they involve creative thinking that heads for new processes and techniques of problem solving. The situation suggests that invention and innovation can encourage business to practice sustainable development concept in many ways (Invention and Innovation, 2003).

Business Strategies to Achieve Truly Environmentally Sustainable Development
Despite the tendencies to consider sustainable development as an additional burden, recent report indicated progress in socializing sustainable development to large American-based multinationals. Many have demonstrated that the practice of sustainable development processes makes a good business sense. Among several advantages that those companies identify, the most recognized ones are safer processes and enhanced management systems.

Safer Processes
The first identified benefits that American corporations reveal regarding the sustainable advantages is about the safer process. There is an interesting fact about this where those companies admit that they increasingly adopt the sustainable development within every business decisions. For example, Pacific Gas and Electric chooses energy conservation as a more profitable investment compare to nuclear power (BSD Global, 1992).

In addition together with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) ENERGY STAR program, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGE) will showcase the energy-efficient home products. This exhibition is compliance with the objectives of Pacific Gas and Electric to support the customers and users in saving money and energy (PGE External Communications, 2008).

Moreover, realizing the importance to support the sustainable development, eco-professionals team up to develop the so-called green building technology. The result of this development is important as building is responsible for natural resources exploration. Highlighting these concerns, Roodman and Lenssen (1995) say that approximately buildings use about 25 of material and energy flow,  of wood production, and 16 of fresh water withdrawals in the world.

Under such circumstances, green building development has opportunity to provide building that utilizes natural resources efficiently while in the same time creating healthier building that provides a better environment, enhances human health, and provide cost savings. One manufacturer that comply the environmental development is IKEA, which has been an icon of en environmentally friendly manufacturer of furniture products (California Integrated Waste Management Board, 2007).

Figure 2 Energy-efficient home products
Source httpblog.cleantechies.comfiles200905picture-1.png

From the above elaboration, it implies that green building also includes interior and also maintenance, to name a few. Therefore, the materials that include in the discussion of green building technology includes but not limited to
Recycled Building Products
Insulation
Eco Materials Suppliers
Solar Cell Products
Water Treatment and Filtration
(SustainableABC.com, 2003b)

Another important development in sustainable development is also cast by multinational food chain like McDonalds. Their program is to develop the waste reduction strategy, despite being less visible is considered a contributing effort of applying the sustainable development concept. The most noticeable practices that McDonalds performs regarding the environmentally sustainable are its decisions to change the plastic packaging into paper packaging (BSD Global, 1992).

Enhancing Management Systems
Concerning the managerial concerns, recently, these processes are performed by going through several stages of implementation.

First, businesses identify how stakeholders will be affected by corporate decisions.
Second, companies set sustainable development policies  objectives and design an implementation plan.
Third, they would apply measurements and performance standard for evaluation, using enhanced internal monitoring processes
(BSD Global, 1992)

Based on the elaboration on sustainable development and also from several real-case examples from IKEA, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGE), and also McDonalds, we find that no simple meaning of sustainable development as each company may have different objectives towards the sustainable development along with factors that influence it. However, they share something in common that sustainable development has proved so useful, and has become so dominant in todays business practices.

Globalization and technological advances have influenced various industries in how they conduct business. Almost all aspects of professionalism and fields, have to adapt to the different situations and circumstances presented to them. Environment influences the agricultural industry mostly due to rain patterns. Availability of water is essential for farming practices and more so in green house farming. Green house projects in the arid climates face numerous challenges in making sure the conditions are optimum for farming. The key concern is the availability of water and how to utilize it sustainably. The aim of this study is to analyze different techniques which can be used to avail water to green houses in arid climates and consequently the kind of crops which can be grown.

Water for Green Houses in Arid Climate
Advances in technology, have led to more growers embracing greenhouse crops and farming practices. Green house farming presents a lucrative opportunity for many countries across the globe. Farming of perishable crops such as tomatoes, roses and carrots among a few from green houses have benefited farmers who yield quality produce from this venture. Moreover, green houses in arid climate encounter the problem of having sufficient water for irrigation purposes through efficient and effective water management, which consequently affects the environment. Water is crucial for irrigation. Green house farming in arid areas is affected by the fact of experiencing rainfall inequalities and imbalances that simultaneously affect water availability for irrigation (Chandra, 1996). Countries in these regions, example Israel, have taken the initiatives to develop effective solutions to water availability and use.

Efficient water management efforts have been realized through installation of efficient infrastructure, allocating appropriate quotas, replenishing aquifers and pricing which discourages wasteful consumption of the precious resource. Lack of sufficient water quality and quantity is the drive which has forced most green house farmers to adopt effective means and plans to save valuable water resources. Moreover, both quantity and quality of water is important for the successful farming in greenhouses. This is a critical parameter that should not be overstepped in green house production. Water requirement in green houses varies depending on the nature of climate in a region, but it can be both lower or higher compared to the open field. Consumption of water in green houses will be higher in temperate climate compared to hot or tropical regions. Moreover, one of the methods of making water available for green houses in arid climate is to utilize hydroponic irrigation.

Hydroponics system in vegetable gardening refers farming in green houses where water atmosphere is used against the usual soil based farming. This technique utilizes rock wool or volcanic rock base for growing crops. Roses do well on these conditions, but also incorporate vegetables like tomatoes and carrots. Systems installed in the green houses exploit recycled water which is used for irrigation.

Runoff water from occasional rain downpour and also water used for irrigation in the green houses is recycled and consequently used to irrigate roses. More so, this goes a long way in saving liquid fertilizers and valuable water resources (Bai, 2001). The hydroponic system prevents weeds, puddles and other problems that can arise from surplus water that has been left as waste. Recycling of fertilizers and water that has not been absorbed in the first irrigation cycle, is used for second cycle and henceforth, thereby saving a green house farmer significant expenses from loss of these resources in an arid setting. The hydroponic system ensures that nutrients and water are re-absorbed back through the roots during irrigation. Surplus fertilizer and water consequently does not accumulate in the substrate without soil which can create water runoff of 40. Crops in the green house can be irrigated close to five or six times a day under this scheme. A water tank is essential to be constructed and placed in one of the ends in a green house that will be used to collect runoff water. Sequentially, nutrients and water collected in this tank is pumped back to the green house or pushed into drip laterals which can be used to irrigate nearby crops if any (Schoonderbeek, 2008).

There are numerous advantages of using this system in vegetable gardening. Essentially, the growth rate of crops under the hydroponics system is higher compared to plants planted in the soil experiencing double growth rate. This is unique to hydroponic plants because roots react differently to water and soil bases. More nutrients, water and oxygen are available to plants soaked in hydroponics mediums. Most of the plant energy is transformed into growth as the essential requirements for growth are readily available. This benefits green house farmers by saving water and nutrients which could have runoff in case of soil medium. Sequentially, water is utilized sustainably leading to higher yields. In addition, hydroponics is advantageous because the system provides better protection against fungi and bug infection diseases. Therefore, green house farming under this system results in much healthier crops which at the same time grow quickly (Lovichit, 2007). The produce from green houses benefits dry geographical locations where food sources are limited, and also economically by exporting the produce.

Green house famers in hydroponics can either choose a passive or active system, where in active hydroponics nutrient solutions are actively pumped from the recycling tanks to the roots and consequently absorbed. This process incurs more expenses for the farmer, but yields much compared to the passive system.   Moreover, the water quality is constantly monitored in hydroponics system regarding pH and salinity levels through a special computer. Runoff water can be diluted with fresh water to reach the appropriate which are essential for irrigation and growth of crops. In addition, special pipes can be placed on the roof of the green houses, which can be used to collect rainwater when it rains occasionally. Rainwater collected can be used to irrigate roses in the green houses and other crops in the vicinity. The quality of harvested rainwater is high for irrigation purposes, which can also be used for leaching purposes due to salt accumulated during irrigation. Rainwater provides a relief from recycled water. Moreover, a green house is considered to use water efficiently compared to production systems in the open fields, but nonetheless water usage in conventional arid green houses use considerable amount of water through irrigation and evaporative cooling. Water recovery systems can also be used to monitor water consumption in the plant (Kubota, 2007). In this system, the exhaust air emanating from the green house is directed to a pad and a fan equipped with an evaporative cooling system, where chilled water is passed over the hot air acting as energy sink and consequently recover water from the humid air via condensation.

This technology has proved to be effective and being an economical option for running a green house. Benefits culminate towards recovering water from exhaust air and re-using the collected water. In addition, apart from ensuring there is enough quality water for green house farming in arid regions, other components such as planning land use, structure of green houses and materials used, are crucial in arid farming through green houses. Water conservation schemes should also be placed as priority in arid areas where irrigation can be utilized for green house farming. Green houses save twenty to twenty five percents of water used in cultivating compared to the conventional farming methods. Improving on water use in areas, will effectively enable long term crop yields in green houses and consequently controlling water used in irrigation. Hydroponics system for green houses in arid regions, presents a solid option for farmers who can also incorporate water recovery systems, to improve on the overall availability of fresh and quality water for irrigation (Dalrymple, 2000). Water recovery systems will aid hydroponic system to conserve and utilize the available water resources in the arid region, and foster growth of vegetables and ornamental plants. Overall, water policies and effective water management systems should be put in place, to help green house farmers meet their target produce in high yields and consequently conserving the environment and the limited resources available.

Conclusion
Water conservation practices are extremely important for green house irrigation purposes in arid climate and regions. Effective conservation through recycling and re-use of water will, ultimately reduce expenses for farmers saving on water and fertilizer resources. Overall, this is an essential element regarding water policies in any country or region, but deal more significantly on arid regions and climate countries that practice green house farming. Commitment to effective fertilizer and water management is a crucial aspect compounding innovative techniques that place importance upon water re-use and reclamation, and conservation.

Hydroponics system of farming in green houses significantly reduces the need of water for green house farming especially in arid regions. Water is recycled and reused which results to potential savings for farmers in both fertilizer and water use. Conventional farming practiced in arid and semi-arid regions, utilizes a lot of water that ends up to be wasted through over-absorption by the soil and evaporation, which can also lead to soil salination. Reduction in agricultural productivity is high compared to hydroponic green houses. Therefore, water use in arid areas would be effectively managed and utilized, hence benefiting farmers and residents in that region.

In this book, Maathai (2004) tells why she began The Green Belt Movement, how it operates, and where it is going. She includes the philosophy behind it, its challenges and objectives, and the specific steps involved in starting a similar grassroots environmental and social justice organization. According to Maathai (2004), the Green Belt Movement represents an example of how grassroots initiatives can lead to change.

In his review of this book, Peacenik (2005) states that, this book aptly illustrates the practical effect a visionary can have towards the cause of unifying and balancing the degraded social, cultural and biological environment that we inhabit, by its ample portrayal of the life, philosophy and focus of Professor Maathai (n.p).

Another review by Merton (2005) states that,
The book illustrates both the work of the Green Belt Movement and the philosophical motivations behind it, making it a useful and applicable guide to any person or organization interested or involved in a grassroots, holistic, and sustainable approach to changing the environmental and social threads of our world. (n.p)

In early 2000, the Green Belt Movement was experiencing changes through a new strategic plan, which led to the introduction of two phases that would guide the operations of  the organization. The book is a record of the first phases experience and focuses mainly on the activities of Green Belt Movement from its beginning up to 1999, the year strategic planning commenced. The book goes on to highlight major goals and objectives for the second phase of the organisation.

The book begins with a dry account of the Green Belt Movements twenty year history, which was characterised by both with setbacks and successes. The second half of the book enumerates goals and projects, explaining why ideas are worthwhile and outlining step-by-step processes that similar groups can follow.

The Green Belt Movement (GMB) was founded in 1976 for environmental conservation including prevention of soil erosion and forestation by planting trees through citizen foresters (community based tree planting). It began with the planting of seven trees on the World Environment Day that year (2003). GBM is managed by Kenyans, mostly women in the rural areas, preferred to rely on local capacity, knowledge, wisdom and expertise where appropriate. Its main focus was planting of trees for environmental conservation and improvement of the quality of life of women.

Professor Maathai explains that when she returned to Kenya (from her studies abroad), she found the environment very degraded. From, then on, she had the inspiration to conserve the environment, through planting of trees and empower locals to help themselves, thus founding the Green Belt Movement. Maathais first task was to create awareness on environmental issues, raising concerns on acid rain, loss of wilderness and depletion of forest cover, and the threats to various biological resources such as water catchments areas that could lead to desertification. (p.8). Maathai proposes that the only method to save a degraded land is by planting trees, which she backs up in her another 2008 article, where she states,

Because the land had been so degraded, an obvious solution was to rehabilitate it by planting trees. Trees stop soil erosion, thus conserving water. In addition, tree planting is a simple and realistic goal which guarantees successful results within a reasonable amount of time. (n.p)

Different approaches that the Green Belt Movement used included training the locals on issues of forestation such as its importance, conservation, cutting strategies (p.27), better and sustainable farming techniques e.g. organic farming (p.43) and educating the communities on the value of traditional foods (p.45) and even organize mass action events against illegal allotment of land misuse of the environment, which brought her a lot of criticisms and subjected her to vilifications from the then government. In her own words, the Kenyan Government was a major detractor and a source of harassment and violent obstructions (p. 62). One of the major challenges was that they inherited a very mismanaged system, one that had been riddled with so much corruption and looting of public resources (n.p).

Maathai suggested that schools raise awareness about primary environmental care and enhance knowledge, attitudes, and values that support sustainable grassroots socio-economic and ecological welfare. According to her, schools should help children acquire the democratic values of social justice, respect for the environment, and social responsibility. The Green Belt Movement introduced the tree-planting project to three thousand schools.

A major achievement is that, through the Green Belt Movement, Professor Maathai has assisted women in planting more than 40 million trees on their farms and on schools and church compounds in Kenya and all over East Africa.

Maathais (2003) argument about environmental conservation is convincing. The only way to achieve sustainable is to enlighten people about the importance of conservation, avail to them the methods of conservation and involve as many people as possible, so that they have a sense of ownership and appreciate more what they do themselves, which she did. I conquer with her that the only solution for a degraded land is rehabilitation through planting of trees, which not only purify the air and prevent soil erosion, but they are also important water catchments areas, that ensure the continuous flow of our rivers.

This is a topic which criminologists should be concerned about. Environmental degradation is also a result of criminal activities such as illegal logging, illegal allotment of land, and pollution among others.
Through her work, she has inspired many, even those that have not read this book. However, the book gives a detailed account of who Wangari Maathai really is, for it is in the face of difficulties and challenges that our true characters and personalities are revealed. She instils hope, inspires hard work and represents the possibility that everyone can make a difference, if we only commitment. This book is important for anyone, not only those interested in environmental issues, as through the experience of professor Maathai, we can learn and apply them in our situations. I would recommend it for everyone.

Professor Wangari Maathais Biography
Professor Wangari Maathai was born in 1940 in Nyeri. In 1960, she was one of the first Kenyan women to travel to the US to study a degree, after receiving the Kennedy Scholarship. She graduated with a degree in Biological Sciences from Mount St. Scholastica College in Kansas. She later graduated with a Master of Science degree at the University of Pittsburgh. In addition, she did her doctoral studies in Germany and became the first African woman in East and Central Africa to receive a Ph.D.

Returning to Kenya in 1966, and having witnessed the havoc caused by deforestation to forests and farmlands, she decided to become an environmental activist and consequently founded the Green Belt Movement. At the time, she was serving at the National Council of Women of Kenya of which she was Chairwoman from 1981 to 1987. The Green Belt Movement was a source of many criticisms, outright attacks and imprisonment by the then government. She however never gave in to the different problems she encountered. She persisted in her struggles for democracy, human rights and environmental conservation.

In September 1998, Professor Maathai became co-chair of the Jubilee 2000 Africa Campaign, an international not-for profit organisation that had a mission to advocate for debt cancellation for African countries. In the 2002 general elections in Kenya, she was elected to be a Member of Parliament to represent Tetu Constituency and was appointed that Assistant Minister for Environment, Wildlife, and Natural Resources, where she served till 2007.

Her works have received international recognitions. Together with the Green Belt Movement, she has received numerous awards, most notably, the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African woman to receive the price, for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. She has also written three books of her own an autobiography, Unbowed (2006), The Green Belt Movement Sharing the Approach and the Experience (2003), where she explains in detail the Green Belt Movement organization including why she started it, the challenges, objectives and goals and The Challenge for Africa  (2009) where she offers hope for the numerous challenges facing Africa.

Information and Technology has created opportunities for millions worldwide. But at the same time millions live in poverty without access to technology. There is a convergence between digital literacy and media literacy and a new framework alone can accommodate both (Conference Report 2008 4). Here is where e-inclusion frameworks try to fit in. A huge population faces barriers in assessing ICT-related goods and services. And so they are unable to participate fully as consumers, citizens, patients, learners or in other ways. E-inclusion plays a role in bridging the gap between the two thereby meeting the social challenges (Waage 2003 84). The vision of e-inclusion program is to make people have access to social and economic opportunities of the digital age and develop a sustainable future (Waage 2003 84).

Digital culture is prevalent in the context of globalization and is an opportunity for the development and diffusion of well being. But the fact that the new and prevailing culture is accessible only to privileged few remains as a factor of discrimination (The Digital World Foundation 11). In the modern world, knowledge is generated more by technology. So the mission has to guarantee social inclusion and get rid of the divide amongst those who have access to technologies and those who are excluded.

Presently, billions of users use the worldwide web. The growth of technology is so rapid around the world that research and analysis on the impact of this transformation do not keep pace with the idea of meeting the global sustainability challenge. As environmental strategy has traditionally been portrayed in terms of risk cutting and resource efficiency, there is a danger that critical business issues such as information technology, R D and e-commerce development are examined in isolation from the wider sustainable business perspective.

In this context, the functioning of e-inclusion can be considered as a revolution. Through its programs, E-inclusion C.I.C provides individuals, organizations and communities with the technology and expertise to assist them in creating opportunities (e-inclusion recycling C.I.C).

The e-inclusion C.I.C reaches out to manufacturing companies and insists on reducing ecological footprints. Adequate programs on dematerialization are developed and carried out accordingly. Many countries are lagging behind in implementing expected levels of e-inclusion. For example only 10-20 of computers in the United States are recycled. A huge task lies ahead to tackle product and its life solution (Waage 2003).

Usually Competitive advantage and Cheap labor markets are the key in the manufacturing industries. This scenario ultimately produces dangerous products and polluting technologies. As a result toxic trade takes place (e-inclusion Recycling C.I.C). E-Inclusion Recycling C.I.C. is a Computer Refurbishment and RecyclingCommunity Interest Company that provides licensed IT Collection and Disposal Services to Local Authorities, Government Bodies, Educational Establishments and Private Companies in Wales (e-inclusion Recycling C.I.C).

Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) has to be collected separately in order to prevent it from ending up in a landfill or being inspected. WEE is kept separate from other contaminated, infections, biological and hazardous waste (Codman and the Environment 2009). Electronic wastes contributes 70 of the heavy metals found in landfills today. The toxic wastes in these substances can leach into the air, soil and water causing serious health effects such as cancer, etc. Hence management of electronic waste and recycling programs play an important role in making earth a pleasant place to live.

Unless specifications are followed while decontaminating at the end of product life, they remain as infected products. Recycling cannot be done without risks. Also single use medical devices are not within the scope of the WEEE directive and should be disposed of as medical (infected) waste. The flowchart given below explains the recycling process involved in a nutshell.

Figure 1 Flowchart (E-Waste Recycling Optimist Group 2010)
All products are to be manufactured with the consultation of health care professional. The professionals must handle the product and take the responsibility of disposing it for recycling. E-inclusion C.I.C ensures that waste is handled safely in accordance with law.

E-inclusion yields social benefits and provides unchaining economic opportunities (e-Inclusion 2010 and beyond 2009). During financial crisis, developing digital inclusion acts as an enabler for people to actively participate in the economy and society of tomorrow.  E-inclusion generates new business models.  It remains as an engine for social enhancement and economic growth.

A typical business model will certainly have the plan of  how do we make money But it need not necessarily have importance given to whether the business operates to create social or economic value. (Luo  Traynor, 1). The answer to this is very simple if we think of inclusion as a moral obligation.

Inclusion is a moral obligation, but also a huge economic opportunity.  Fabio Colasanti. Social enterprise plays an important role in the economic and social activities of UK to develop business models (Luo  Traynor, 1). According to the social enterprise coalition, social enterprise is a business model which offers a greater equity of economic and a more sustainable society by combining market efficiency with the social and environmental justice. (Luo  Traynor, 2).

E-inclusion C.I.C combines environmental aims, economic aims and social aims through diverting IT wastes, reusing it and addressing the issue of digital and social inclusion (Luo  Traynor, 2). E-Inclusion grows stronger in spite of economical challenges. Also it is not funded from outside.  It shows the dedication and its seriousness with which it is involved in its mission. The business philosophy of e-inclusion includes factors such as identity, essence, nature, orientation and criteria for success.
E-inclusions business strategy is based on overall direction, decision-making drivers and potentiality (Luo  Traynor, 3). The overall direction is in line with service to others.

E-Inclusion has strong drivers such as opportunities, commitment, transparency and clarity. They make e-inclusion a natural business process (Luo  Traynor, 3). E-inclusion has endless opportunities along its growth path. Figure 2 gives an overview of E-inclusions business model.

Figure 2 Overview of E-Inclusions Business Model (Luo  Traynor, 7).
The success of e-inclusion in Newport is measured by a successful outcome of the proposed challenge. In 2007, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) identified that Newport is the UKs greenest city and also highlighted that Newport uses fewer natural resources than any other urban center (Chilcott 2008). A case study produced by University of Wales suggests that e-inclusion CIC remained instrumental in raising awareness among the society towards an innovative form of green social enterprise (Chilcott 2008). It can be proudly said that the e-inclusion recycling project has had significant impact on Newports communities, business and environment. Wales became the first in the world to give a formal report on ecological footprint. The environment minister of Wales announced a 3 million pounds investment in community-based recycling and reuse targets. This investment will carry the social enterprise to the forefront (Chilcott 2008).

The communities are so enterprising that the modern businesses in Newport received overwhelming support in recycling their computer hardware. The traditionally excluded members of society started making contributions to their communities using technologies. Research is underway to study the impact of e-inclusion recycling business concept.  The university students have an opportunity to study the business model and investigate how it can be internationalized (Chilcott 2008 4). E-inclusion goals and activities offer ways to address the growing social and environmental impact of the toxic problem of e-waste and dealing efficiently with the worlds discarded technologies (Chilcott 2008 4).

E-inclusion recycling CIC drafts socially responsible business policy for a social change.  The social inclusion programs facilitate the Newport community in eradicating social exclusion.
As a social enterprise, e-inclusion CIC is different from conventional private or public sector. It conducts business with social objective as its base (Luo  Traynor).

Many business models think in terms of how to compete and win the market.  This model contradicts with the social enterprise that has focus on economic and social aims (Luo  Traynor). The interesting aspect of e-inclusion is that the companys nature is explained more by 21st century quantum physics than the seventeenth century newtonian mechanics (Luo  Traynor, 3). E-Inclusion is the Winner of the 2009 Newport Business Services Impact Award. E-Inclusion Recycling has been awarded an all WalesService Level Agreement for its unique Employability Programme by St Loyes Foundation.

The business model provides a framework for value creation in business. The overall direction of e-inclusion model is to remain the greatest it can be in service to others. A reverse directional strategy enables to explore new opportunities. E-inclusion business model has drivers that suggest it is a natural business process open to everyone and when needed some of the salient drives are
(1) There is enough to explore and utilize and so there is no competition.
(2) Focused towards finding a solution but not to find solution for problems
(3) Commitment as a key to success
(4) Transparency
(5) Clarity

The belief of the model creates amazing opportunities unmatched with outdated traditional models. The new model makes business free from competition that causes trouble by many other businesses (Luo  Traynor, 3).

Operating within the business model is challenging in the sense that it requires constant personal development, self analysis and self discipline. Change for good is the secret leading towards the developmental path (Luo  Traynor). Training, support and financial backup are always available.
The roles and responsibilities of the higher officials are clear-cut in steering the company to achieve its goal by monitoring the employees, taking care of legal matters, constantly vying for opportunities and help the whole organization look at itself.

Every individual in the hierarchy of an e-inclusion company has a distinct role to play and are interdependent (Luo  Traynor, 4). Considering this and the staff of the organization seen exchanging mutual trust, e-inclusion is confident of getting its mission (Luo  Traynor) done. E-inclusion is hardly distracted from its greatest service to society.  This is possible due to its self functioning and non-dependence for funding.

Each and every staff is trained to be a social entrepreneur as opposed to a project manager which is conventional in funded social enterprises. This enables them to have an entrepreneurial mindset instead of thinking oneself as a mere staff (Lao  Traynor).

The social programs are initiated keeping in mind the nonprofit ideology, employability of weaker sections, community reciprocal giving and social entrepreneur training. Free economics and the principles of cross subsidies are followed to earn income by giving its social programs free (Luo  Traynor, 5). E-inclusion is limitless in its ideas and approach and can be adopted anywhere in the world. The modest and creative thinking for a greater opportunity avoids dependence on external support and funding programs.

The success rate of e-inclusion will be cent percent only if economic developments and policies are rightly influenced by technological trends in this era of digital revolution (Doukidis 2004 20). This awareness is being brought out by e-inclusion C.I.C through its model to make the society fully understand its impact on the economy and society.

Better digital e-inclusion in turn contribute to the strengthening of the human capital (Minos Conf).
Be part of it, campaign, said Viviane Reading in her closing address of the European commissions 2008 e-inclusion, but it is far from the end of our commitment and actions in the field of e-inclusion (Minos Conf). Improved digital literacy is a major objective of the conference.

For e-inclusion to realize its full potential it has to make sense from economic and commercial perspectives (Minos Conf). A strong business case and a commitment to partnership working are the keys to unlock investment in inclusion.  Social networks develop community building, user empowerment, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing ultimately leading towards a major innovation.

Economic, social and political incentives together make e-inclusion a reality.  Innovation and creativity are the tools to make research and development in tune with the above mentioned reality (Minos Conf).
Ethical issues around the use of  ICT needs more attention. The projects should comply with fundamental ethical principles. The best way to integrate ethical criteria into ICT products is to include this criteria in the product development from the very beginning rather than finding an alternative at a later stage. The future relies on product development of this kind (Minos Conf).

Though e-inclusion is improving through research and innovation, the mission is not yet accomplished because the EU population do not fully benefit from the information society (e-inclusion Recycling C.I.C). Today Newport stands as a role model and implies the world that more attention is needed towards digital divides related to age, disabilities or low literacy. A robust environmental tracking system to meet the data is required to measure and assess environmental impact and performance is a must (p. 92, Sissel). To achieve sustainability, effective change management principles are important for companies (Waage 2003 93). The company works to establish sustainability vision, mission and values (Waage 2003 107).

According to 2006 Riga Ministerial declaration, e-inclusion means both inclusive ICT and the use of ICT to achieve wider inclusion. It focuses on participation of all individuals and communities in all aspects of the information society (e-Inclusion 2010 and beyond 2009).

E-inclusion improves performance, employment opportunities, quality of life, social participation and cohesion. The current e-inclusion developments from a technology perspective are encouraging and promising.

The launching of renewable energy programs has been popular around the world in the hope of reducing the pollution we experience and to produce other sources of energy that could sustain the planets future and provide energy security for the countries that have involved themselves in this industry. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct sectors power generation, hot water and space heating, transport fuels, and rural energy (Martinot, 2007). Promoting the renewable energy industry also served as an additional source for the economic development of the countries where renewable energy businesses persist. The United States of America and Germany are two of the countries that have the biggest and most flourishing renewable energy industry in the world.

Governments of these two countries play significant roles in the thriving of businesses engaged in producing renewable energy. Both America and Germanys have their own distinct models of government and business relations in operating renewable energy industry. In comparing the two countries government and business relationships, it is evident that Germany has a better model than America. Germanys renewable energy industry programs provide much more balance between economic benefits for citizens and the country. The countrys model is also programmed to provide profits and benefits domestically and even globally.

Both Germany and America share a deep and significant background on the development of renewable energy in their lands. These countries have recognized the need to promote renewable energy and as a sign of effective promotion, a few private businesses have begun to engage in the production and cultivation of alternative energy sources. Aside from encouragement and promotion, the biggest influences of governments to the industry are rooted from the policy system formed in the two countries. The policy systems in the two countries are different but they share essential similarities.

America In Focus
The industry of renewable energy is an important need for Americas stability and reinforcement as the most powerful nation in the world. After the oil crises of the 1970s, America realized that the nations dependence on imported oil is undermining the countrys national security and stability by tying its economy to the fate of other nations (Center for American Progress, 2006, p. 8). To establish Americas strength, it is important for the nation have a more secure source of energy that could supply its great demand of fuel and oil. The development of renewable energy has become an amiable goal for both government and private firms that wants to establish energy sources that are replaceable and nature friendly. In America, research and development by both the government and the private sector have yielded a host of promising new technologies that turn abundant domestic energy sources into transportation fuels, electricity, and heat (Center for American Progress, 2006, p. 6). But based on the current status of the industry, private support has still been limited compared to their expected growth.

Americas government policy is a significant factor for the growth of the industry. Government policy can spur advancement in renewable energy technologies and increase their implementation if applied conscientiously (Loiter and Norberg-Bohm, 1999, p. 97). The reception of private businesses remains very minimal compared to those of other countries because of the risks that loom the development of the industry. American government The private sector will not be able to fund significant research and development because of the weakness of the market so public funding is necessary to support the intended researches (Loiter and Norberg-Bohm, 1999, p. 96). This is where government plays an important role. In the renewable energy industry of America, government action influenced the pace and direction of technological change through a combination of supply-push and demand-pull policies (Norberg-Bohm, 2000). Of course, government policies are important to the private sector. In the current model of American government and business relations, the nation is still limited in producing policies that could commercialize the industry locally while at the same time also affecting the international market significantly. The knowledge of how to effectively design policies to stimulate energy technology innovation, with a focus on the role of policy in the commercialization phase is important to America (Norberg-Bohm, 2000, 125).

Americans recognized that renewable energy technologies, combined with substantial improvements in energy efficiency, have the potential to gradually transform the U.S. energy system in ways that will benefit all of them (Center for American Progress, 2006, p. 6). Some of the different kinds of renewable energy that America is currently developing are wind power, biofuel, geothermal, solar power, and hydro power. Noted as a crucial effect of renewable energy production are the environmental impacts that the technology has. Climate changes and environmental problems are some of the biggest dilemmas of the world today. Effective management of climate change requires a radical departure from our current ways of producing and consuming energy (Norberg-Bohm, 2000, 125). Up to now, the natural damage of fossil fuels remains unsolved predicaments to the whole world. America recognized that energy, while traded in the market as a private good, has huge environmental externalities (Norberg-Bohm, 2000, 126). Therefore, developing means of energy being both handed out by government and private businesses would help reduce the environmental consequences of energy production.

One of the biggest and most important effects of the renewable energy industry is the change in the economy of America. The industry had helped the nation in employment and investment opportunities to the people. And though not everyone are qualified to avail the incentives that goes along with the industry, this program had helped motivate people to direct funds to renewable energy development. Also, the industry had produced more occupation chances for the Americans as renewable energy creates more jobs per unit of energy produced and per dollar spent than fossil fuels (Center for American Progress, 2006, p. 10).

Even today, American government is still directed towards the reduction of Americans reliance to foreign supply of oil. President Barack Obama is very insistent in transforming American into a green society based not on fossil fuels but on renewable energy, conservation, and careful restraint in the production and consumption of energy (Walsh, 2009). Despite the financial crisis that the world is facing today, Obama is still insistent to revive and strengthen the programs for Americas renewable energy plans and his government insists that the economic predicament should serve as an important chance for the social transformation that the nation needs.

Other than simply funding projects related to renewable energy production, governments should go beyond their usual role and help promote the commercialization that could expand the industry. A strategy wherein that government is both the producer and consumer, such as in military equipment and space exploration, concludes that effective commercialization depended on government activity to support both supply-push and demand-pull (Norberg-Bohm, 2000, 126). This model of government and business relations dominates the industry of America. To address the declining reception of the private sectors in renewable energy development, the governments must also create markets in which to grow these new industries (Norberg-Bohm, 2000). Research and development is crucial but not enough. Creating markets and promoting the importance of renewable energy is also part of the requirement of governments. One way to do this is to also further improve the fuel efficiency of Americas automobile industry that would adhere to renewable energy programs. Invention of solar powered cars or manufacturing automobiles that run in biofuel are big important steps that could add market to the industry.

Germany In Focus
Germanys industry of renewable energy is noted as one, if not the most, successful model of operation and development for the way the government and private businesses have efficiently produced triumphant programs with benefits that are not only restricted nationally, but even internationally. The biggest difference of Germany to America is the feed-in tariffs policy that is implemented in this nation. The term feed-in tariffs refer to the style of incentives adopted most notably by Germany to increase the adoption of renewable energy resources (Rickerson, Bennhold, and Bradbury, 2008, p. 2). This model is essentially different from the supply-push, demand-pull model observed in America. Germanys model has proved to be better especially in the way the government aids and supports businesses in the commercialization of the industry. Expanded in 2000 to cover all renewable, this energy policy has made Germany the current leader in both solar and wind and has invigorated its biomass sector (Morris and Hopkins, 2008).

The program of Germany to continue improving its production of sustainable energy remains to be same goal of the nation. Government relations are still adamant in its support for the renewable energy industry operation. Based on the model observed by Germany, the nation recognized that to provide the strongest incentive for innovation, policies must provide a consistent and long-term market for wind energy and all other forms of energy (Loiter and Norberg-Bohm, 1999, p. 95).

Compared to other models and policies observed by other nations, the German feed-in tariff has caused explosive renewable energy market growth during the past decade, and Germany is now the worlds largest market for photovoltaic systems and wind energy (Rickerson, Bennhold, and Bradbury, 2008, p. 2). Experts worldwide recognized the distance of the nation in simplifying and improving its energy production compared to America. Germanys green power market has grown steadily since 1998, with more than 750, 000 consumers in 2006 and this success does not remain stagnant but rather continuously expands (Martinot, 2007, p. 28). Also, investors and citizens of Germany also achieve fairer and attainable terms through the feed-in tariffs imposed in the country.

Over the years, the nation remains to have vast improvements in its renewable energy industry. Germany more than doubled its national supply of renewable electricity between 2000 and 2007, and met its 2010 target of 12.5 renewable electricity three years ahead of schedule (Rickerson, Bennhold, and Bradbury, 2008, p. 3). With the positive results that the Germany achieves with its model, especially by the way it provides favourable conditions for investments in green electricity production over the long term of 20 years, more and more nations are becoming more inclined to copy it (Frondel, Ritter, and Vance, 2009, p. 10).

Americas Advantages and Disadvantages
Americas model is not necessarily wrong or hopeless. In fact, the policy of demand-pull can be expected to spur incremental innovation and diffusion in the private sector, further advancing the technology and reducing its cost relative to other forms of generation (Loiter and Norberg-Bohm, 1999, p. 95). With further planning and given more years to grow, America can also have what it takes to lead the renewable energy industry again. However, the nation should learn how to adjust and improve what its model still lacks. Private sectors feel the risk because to produce radical innovation to promote renewable, federal research and development must support these efforts (Loiter and Norberg-Bohm, 1999, p. 95). Therefore, the government should continue giving the programs its support. Also, the industry suffers from the minimal support from its citizens. Few Americans are directly participating in the development and ownership of projects (Mendonca, Lacey, and Hvelplund, 2009, p.3). Markets and energy awareness should continue to be part of the sustainability program of America. Another disadvantage of Americas model is that public agencies often make poor choices in picking which technologies should be developed like the trait of the government in picking winners ((Norberg-Bohm, 2000). This trait often leads to be the pitfall of the industry that hinders them from elevating the developments for better renewable energy programs. And most importantly, experts have noted how U.S. policies have been directed largely toward U.S. firms (Norberg-Bohm, 2000). There is no room for international relations that is why the model is good, but not great. The renewable energy market in the United States is generally an exclusive one (Mendonca, Lacey, and Hvelplund, 2009, p.1). America needs to revise or improve some of its models format because its policies limit and does not equally distribute energy benefits to all people. The next phase of market growth will require a revision of existing tax policies to make them more inclusive or an implementation of new policies that offer citizens greater access to the market (Mendonca, Lacey, and Hvelplund, 2009, p.2)

Germanys Advantages and Disadvantages
In most of the disadvantages that America has, opposite the trend is seen in Germany (Mendonca, Lacey, and Hvelplund, 2009, p.3). The German policy offers more opportunities to its citizens, its investors, and the industry itself. Germanys model is capable of giving their renewable energy industries more generous and longer-term support than does the United States (Martinot, Wiser, and Hamrin). Compared to Americas model, more people are given bigger opportunities in Germanys renewable energy industry. Also, Mendonca, Lacey, and Hvelplund (2009) said if contracts for electricity sales are overly complex, this in itself can present a barrier. The simple one-page German feed-in contracts are a good example of simplicity that are effective in the expansion of the industry (p.18). The only risk of Germanys model is that there is no security over the price for feed-in tariff raises utility bills unnecessarily (Stokes, 2009).

Conclusion
Both America and Germany have positive programs and amiable plans for the industry of renewable energy. Like all the other countries that are slowly involving themselves in the development of alternative energy sources, America and Germanys governments are working together with private firms in promoting the goals of the industry. But of the two, Germany evidently has a better model because it offers benefits to all of its citizens and the rest of the world while the American model is focused on national interests only. Germanys government and business relationship is more simple and long-term while Americas relations are overly complex for it is greatly dependent of the governments actions and focuses on the needs of American firms.